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. 2023 Dec;30(6):156-166.
doi: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.6.15. Epub 2023 Dec 19.

Validity and Reliability of the Malay Questionnaire for Olfactory Disorders

Erica Gima  1 , Carren Sui Lin Teh  2 , Nik Fariza Husna Nik Hassan  1 , Najib Majdi Yaacob  3 , Norasnieda Md Shukri  1
Affiliations

Validity and Reliability of the Malay Questionnaire for Olfactory Disorders

Erica Gima et al. Malays J Med Sci. 2023 Dec.

Abstract

Background: Olfactory disorders (OD) are an umbrella term for a diverse group of smell problems. Numerous tests and questionnaires have been formulated to identify and test the severity of smell impairment, which is not readily available or translated for the Malaysian population. This study aimed to translate the Questionnaire for Olfactory Disorders (QOD) and validate and test the reliability of the Malay Questionnaire for Olfactory Disorders (mQOD).

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in two tertiary centres. A forward and backward translation was conducted for the QOD. The translated questionnaire was distributed to subjects with self-reported smell disorders on days 1 and 7. Internal consistency was analysed using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability was tested with an intraclass correlation coefficient. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test construct validity.

Results: A total of 375 participants were recruited, 52 dropped out and 323 completed the questionnaire a second time. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.537 for parosmia (P), 0.892 for life quality (LQ), 0.637 for sincerity (S) and 0.865 for visual analogue score (VAS). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for domain scores was > 0.9, while the ICC for all items was good to excellent. A three-factor model for mQOD showed an acceptable fit with indices chi-square value (CMIN)/degree of freedom (DF) = 3.332, Tucker-Lewis fit index (TLI) = 0.923, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.939, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.079 and standardised root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.0574.

Conclusion: The mQOD is a valid and reliable tool for assessing OD in patients.

Keywords: olfaction; olfactory disorder; parosmia; questionnaire; smell.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest: None.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Five-factor model for mQOD Notes: SOC = social related questions, EAT = eating related questions, ANN = annoyance related questions, ANX= anxiety related questions, SIN = sincerity related questions
Figure 2
Figure 2
Three-factor model for mQOD Notes: SOC = social related questions, EAT = eating related questions, ANN = annoyance related questions, ANX= anxiety related questions, SIN = sincerity related questions
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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