The Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception of Needlestick Injuries Among Dental Students in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Abstract

Introduction: Needlestick injuries (NSIs) represent a significant source of bloodborne viruses in the healthcare sector, particularly in dentistry. Developing effective infection control programs necessitates access to surveillance data. A comprehensive evaluation, encompassing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and serological testing, is crucial due to the potential lack of immediate symptoms in infected patients. It is essential to verify hepatitis B and tetanus immunization statuses and seek guidance from infectious disease experts for post-exposure prophylaxis. Aim and objective: This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of NSIs among dentistry students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Methods: Conducted during the 2023-2024 academic year in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, this cross-sectional study evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of undergraduate dental medicine students regarding NSIs. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was meticulously collected. Before participation, potential subjects were furnished with a comprehensive information sheet outlining the study's purpose, the survey's nature, expected duration, and potential risks or benefits. The document emphasized their unequivocal right to withdraw from the study at any point without any adverse consequences. Data collection relied on an online survey administered to third and final-year dental students selected from specific universities. This selection criterion ensured that participants were directly relevant to the dental education context under investigation. Careful exclusions were made to minimize potential bias, particularly by excluding students from academic years other than the third and final years, thus maintaining a specific focus on this subgroup. Data analysis primarily compared NSI occurrences and awareness based on dental college and academic year. Detailed findings are presented in the results section.

Results: The study unveiled high vaccination rates (95.23%) and significant levels of education regarding bloodborne infections (81.38%) among participants. However, it was noteworthy that 72.72% believed their vaccinations offered complete protection. Only 47.18% believed that wearing surgical gloves reduced the risk of NSIs, while a substantial majority (93.07%) opposed the practice of needle recapping. Moreover, 76.19% demonstrated knowledge of post-exposure prophylaxis, indicating room for improvement in healthcare safety practices. Statistical analysis identified significant associations between the Dental College attended and both NSI occurrence (χ²=12.164, p=0.058) and awareness (χ²=14.629, p=0.023). Conversely, the academic year exhibited no significant relationship with either NSI occurrence (χ²=1.2, p=0.55) or awareness (χ²=0.44, p=0.8). Additionally, the study revealed non-normal distributions for both NSI occurrence (p<0.001) and awareness (p<0.001) among participants.

Conclusion: In conclusion, this study underscores the pivotal role of awareness in mitigating NSI occurrences among dental students. Irrespective of their academic year, heightened awareness significantly correlated with reduced NSI incidence. These findings bear significant implications for dental education and practice, emphasizing the imperative need for comprehensive education and awareness initiatives to bolster healthcare safety among dental professionals.

Keywords: attitude; hepatitis; knowledge; needle injury; needle stick injury.

Figure 1. Frequency of needlestick injury as reported by the participants

Figure 2. Occurrence of needlestick injury

Units of measurement on the Y axis: Number of participants

Figure 3. Percentage of participants who claimed to have a history of needlestick injury from each institution