The Relationship of ABO and Rh Blood Group Types With Severe COVID-19 Disease Mortality in ICU Patients: Insights From a Single-Center Experience in Southern Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Introduction The global COVID-19 pandemic has triggered an unprecedented public health crisis, emphasizing the need to understand factors influencing disease outcomes. This study explores the role of genetic variations in blood group antigens, particularly ABO and RhD, in shaping mortality rates among critically ill COVID-19 patients in the southern region of Saudi Arabia. Methods Utilizing a retrospective, noninterventional approach, we analyzed medical records of 594 COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at Aseer Central Hospital from August 2020 to April 2021. The cohort, with a mean age of 60.5 years, consisted of a predominantly male population. Results The study encompassed a diverse age range of 18 to 103 years, with a mean age of 60.5 ± 17.3 years. Of the 594 patients, 398 (67%) were male, and only 5 (0.8%) had a history of smoking. Blood group distribution revealed 275 (48.4%) with O-, 189 (33.3%) with A+, and 51 (9%) with AB- types. Predominant chronic conditions included diabetes mellitus (35.5%). Tragically, 320 patients (54.6%) experienced mortality, with a 100% mortality rate for the B+ blood group and 92.9% for O- blood group. Conclusion This analysis establishes significant statistical links, underscoring the pivotal role of blood type, particularly the Rh factor, in influencing mortality risk among critically ill COVID-19 patients. These findings contribute valuable insights into risk stratification and personalized care for severe cases, emphasizing the importance of genetic considerations in understanding disease outcomes.

Keywords: ards; blood group; covid-19; critical care; mechanical ventilator.

Figure 1. Chronic Diseases Among COVID Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Unit, Aseer Central Hospital, Saudi Arabia

ILD: intestinal lung disease; ESRD: end-stage renal disease; AKI: acute kidney injury; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHF: congestive heart failure; CAD: coronary artery disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; GIT: gastrointestinal; DM: diabetes mellitus

Figure 2. Death Rate Among COVID Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit, Aseer Central Hospital, Saudi Arabia