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. 2025 Jan;48(1):6-21.
doi: 10.1080/10790268.2024.2304921. Epub 2024 Jan 24.

Effects of robotic therapy associated with noninvasive brain stimulation on motor function in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Anas R Alashram  1   2   3
Affiliations

Effects of robotic therapy associated with noninvasive brain stimulation on motor function in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Anas R Alashram. J Spinal Cord Med. 2025 Jan.

Abstract

Context: Motor deficits are among the most common consequences of incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). These impairments can affect patients' levels of functioning and quality of life. Combined robotic therapy and non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) have been used to improve motor impairments in patients with corticospinal tract lesions.

Objectives: To examine the effects of combined robotic therapy and NIBS on motor function post incomplete SCI.

Methods: PubMed, SCOPUS, MEDLINE, PEDro, Web of Science, REHABDATA, CINAHL, and EMBASE were searched from inception until July 2023. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was employed to evaluate the selected studies quality.

Results: Of 557 studies, five randomized trials (n = 122), with 25% of participants being females, were included in this review. The PEDro scores ranged from eight to nine, with a median score of nine. There were variations in treatment protocols and outcome measures, resulting in heterogeneous findings. The findings showed revealed evidence for the impacts of combined robotic therapy and NIBS on motor function in individuals with incomplete SCI.

Conclusions: Combined robotic training and NIBS may be safe for individuals with incomplete SCI. The existing evidence concerning its effects on motor outcomes in individuals with SCI is limited. Further experimental studies are needed to understand the effects of combined robotic training and NIBS on motor impairments in SCI populations.

Keywords: Motor; Non-invasive brain stimulation; Rehabilitation; Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; Robotics; Spinal cord injury; Transcranial direct current stimulation.

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Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

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