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. 2024 Jan 24;14(1):2107.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-52417-5.

Bilingual disadvantages are systematically compensated by bilingual advantages across tasks and populations

Vittoria Dentella  1 , Camilla Masullo  2 , Evelina Leivada  3   4
Affiliations

Bilingual disadvantages are systematically compensated by bilingual advantages across tasks and populations

Vittoria Dentella et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Bilingualism is linked to both enhanced and hampered performance in various cognitive measures, yet the extent to which these bilingual advantages and disadvantages co-occur is unclear. To address this gap, we perform a systematic review and two quantitative analyses. First, we analyze results from 39 studies, obtained through the PRISMA method. Less than 50% of the studies that show up as results for the term "bilingual disadvantage" report exclusively a disadvantage, that shows bilinguals performing worse than monolinguals in a task. A Bayesian analysis reveals robust evidence for bilingual effects, but no evidence for differences in the proportion of advantages and disadvantages, suggesting that when results from different cognitive domains such as executive functions and verbal fluency are analyzed together, bilingual effects amount to a zero-sum game. This finding was replicated by repeating the analysis, using the datasets of two recent meta-analyses. We propose that the equilibrium we observe between positive and negative outcomes may not be accidental. Contrary to widespread belief, advantageous and disadvantageous effects are not stand-alone outcomes in free variation. We reframe them as the connatural components of a dynamic trade-off, whereby enhanced performance in one cognitive measure is offset by an incurred cost in another domain.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA flow chart.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Evidence for bilingual adaptations in the pool of data.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Evidence for the type of effect (advantage vs. disadvantage) in the pool of data.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Weighted performance.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Evidence for bilingual adaptations in the L&D pool of data.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Evidence for the type of effect (advantage vs. disadvantage) in the L&D pool of data.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Domains that show enhancements and costs.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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