Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Dec 31:35:100721.
doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100721. eCollection 2024 Feb.

Sleep quality in individuals with post-COVID-19 condition: Relation with emotional, cognitive and functional variables

A Carnes-Vendrell  1 , G Piñol-Ripoll  1 , M Ariza  2 , N Cano  2   3 , B Segura  4   5   6   7 , C Junque  4   5   6   7 , J Béjar  8 , C Barrue  8 ; Nautilus Project Collaborative Group; M Garolera  2   24
Collaborators, Affiliations

Sleep quality in individuals with post-COVID-19 condition: Relation with emotional, cognitive and functional variables

A Carnes-Vendrell et al. Brain Behav Immun Health. .

Abstract

The study aimed to assess sleep quality in PCC patients and its predictors by analysing its relationship with emotional, cognitive and functional variables, as well as possible differences based on COVID-19 severity. We included 368 individuals with PCC and 123 healthy controls (HCs) from the NAUTILUS Project (NCT05307549 and NCT05307575). We assessed sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder, GAD-7), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9), global cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA), everyday memory failures (Memory Failures of Everyday Questionnaire, MFE-30), fatigue (Chadler Fatigue Questionnaire, CFQ), quality of life (European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions, EQ-5D), and physical activity levels (International Physical Activity Questionnaire, IPAQ). 203 were nonhospitalized, 83 were hospitalized and 82 were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). We found statistically significant differences in the PSQI total score between the PCC and HC groups (p < 0.0001), but there were no differences among the PCC groups. In the multiple linear regressions, the PHQ-9 score was a predictor of poor sleep quality for mild PCC patients (p = 0.003); GAD-7 (p = 0.032) and EQ-5D (p = 0.011) scores were predictors of poor sleep quality in the hospitalized PCC group; and GAD-7 (p = 0.045) and IPAQ (p = 0.005) scores were predictors of poor sleep quality in the group of ICU-PCC. These results indicate that worse sleep quality is related to higher levels of depression and anxiety, worse quality of life and less physical activity. Therapeutic strategies should focus on these factors to have a positive impact on the quality of sleep.

Keywords: Anxiety; COVID-19; Cognition; Depression; Post-COVID-19 condition; Predictors; Sleep quality.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Maite-Garolera reports financial support was provided by Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (10.13039/501100003030AGAUR) from the 10.13039/501100002809Generalitat de Catalunya (Pandemies, 202PANDE00053) and La Marató de TV3 Foundation (202111-30-31-32). Corresponding author (Gerard Piñol-Ripoll) recieved grants from the 10.13039/501100004587Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Madrid (PI22/01687, 10.13039/501100004587ISCIII) and Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (2021SGR 00761).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Scatterplot of predicted and observed values for each group. X axis: PSQI total score observed. Y axis: PSQI values predicted by the model. Count: each color in the circle represents a number of cases (the darker the color, the more cases it represents). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Aiyegbusi Olalekan Lee, Hughes Sarah E., Turner Grace, Rivera Samantha Cruz, McMullan Christel, Singh Chandan Joht, Haroon Shamil, et al. Symptoms, complications and management of long COVID: a review. J. R. Soc. Med. 2021 doi: 10.1177/01410768211032850. SAGE Publications Ltd. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Akıncı Tuba, Melek Başar H. Relationship between sleep quality and the psychological status of patients hospitalised with COVID-19. Sleep Med. 2021;80(April):167–170. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.01.034. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Al-Ameri, Thamer Laith, Khalid Hameed Ekhlas, Bilal S., Maroof Sleep quality in COVID-19 recovered patients. Sleep Science. 2022;15(2):168–171. doi: 10.5935/1984-0063.20220037. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Alimoradi Zainab, Anders Broström, Tsang Hector W.H., Griffiths Mark D., Haghayegh Shahab, Ohayon Maurice M., Chung Ying Lin, Amir H., Pakpour Sleep problems during COVID-19 pandemic and its' association to psychological distress: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;36(June) doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100916. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ariza Mar, Cano Neus, Segura Bàrbara, Adan Ana, Bargalló Núria, Caldú Xavier, Anna Campabadal, et al. Neuropsychological impairment in post-COVID condition individuals with and without cognitive complaints. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2022;14(October) doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1029842. - DOI - PMC - PubMed