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Review
. 2024 Jan 11:14:1287857.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1287857. eCollection 2023.

Mechanisms of immune response and cell death in ischemic stroke and their regulation by natural compounds

Zhaoyuan Gong #  1 , Jing Guo #  1 , Bin Liu  1 , Yang Guo  1 , Cuicui Cheng  1 , Yin Jiang  1 , Ning Liang  1 , Mingzhi Hu  1 , Tian Song  1 , Lu Yang  1 , Huizhen Li  1 , Haili Zhang  1 , Xingyu Zong  1 , Qianzi Che  1 , Nannan Shi  1
Affiliations
Review

Mechanisms of immune response and cell death in ischemic stroke and their regulation by natural compounds

Zhaoyuan Gong et al. Front Immunol. .

Abstract

Ischemic stroke (IS), which is the third foremost cause of disability and death worldwide, has inflammation and cell death as its main pathological features. IS can lead to neuronal cell death and release factors such as damage-related molecular patterns, stimulating the immune system to release inflammatory mediators, thereby resulting in inflammation and exacerbating brain damage. Currently, there are a limited number of treatment methods for IS, which is a fact necessitating the discovery of new treatment targets. For this review, current research on inflammation and cell death in ischemic stroke was summarized. The complex roles and pathways of the principal immune cells (microglia, astrocyte, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophage) in the immune system after IS in inflammation are discussed. The mechanisms of immune cell interactions and the cytokines involved in these interactions are summarized. Moreover, the cell death mechanisms (pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, PANoptosis, and ferroptosis) and pathways after IS are explored. Finally, a summary is provided of the mechanism of action of natural pharmacological active ingredients in the treatment of IS. Despite significant recent progress in research on IS, there remain many challenges that need to be overcome.

Keywords: cell death; immune cells; inflammatory; ischemic stroke; natural compounds.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Role of immune cells in ischemic stroke. Post-IS, with the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and cytokines from neuronal cell death, microglia activation and reactive astrogliosis occur. These processes can release cytokines and chemokines to activate neutrophils and T cells to proliferate and differentiate into different types. This image was created using BioRender.com.
Figure 2
Figure 2
List of key genes involved in pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis in ischemic stroke. The genes involved in PANoptosis are marked in yellow. This image was created using BioRender.com.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Regulatory network of salidroside in ischemic stroke. Post-IS, salidroside regulates inflammation and cell apoptosis. This image was created using BioRender.com.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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