The Therapeutic Potential of Pericytes in Bone Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

Pericytes, as perivascular cells, are present in all vascularized organs and tissues, and they actively interact with endothelial cells in capillaries and microvessels. Their involvement includes functions like blood pressure regulation, tissue regeneration, and scarring. Studies have confirmed that pericytes play a crucial role in bone tissue regeneration through direct osteodifferentiation processes, paracrine actions, and vascularization. Recent preclinical and clinical experiments have shown that combining perivascular cells with osteogenic factors and tissue-engineered scaffolds can be therapeutically effective in restoring bone defects. This approach holds promise for addressing bone-related medical conditions. In this review, we have emphasized the characteristics of pericytes and their involvement in angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Furthermore, we have explored recent advancements in the use of pericytes in preclinical and clinical investigations, indicating their potential as a therapeutic resource in clinical applications.

Keywords: bone defect; osteogenesis; pericyte; regeneration.

Figure 1

Cell signaling pathways between pericytes and endothelial cells, which are involved in the process of angiogenesis. (1) VEGF, secreted from pericytes, is implicated in propagation and differentiation processes; (2) Proliferation and migration of pericytes occur by PDGF-B, obtained from endothelial cells; (3) Ang-2/Tie-2 signaling ensures stabilization of new vessels and vascular homeostasis; (4) TGF-β that produced by both pericytes and endothelial cells, mediate the processes of maturation and stability of vessels; (5) S1P from endothelial cells maintain the vascular endothelial barrier. N-cadherin preserves cell communication between pericytes and endothelial cells.

Figure 2

Pericytes and Growth Factors Based Scaffold for Bone Regeneration.