Marine Streptomyces-Derived Novel Alkaloids Discovered in the Past Decade

Abstract

Natural alkaloids originating from actinomycetes and synthetic derivatives have always been among the important suppliers of small-molecule drugs. Among their biological sources, Streptomyces is the highest and most extensively researched genus. Marine-derived Streptomyces strains harbor unconventional metabolic pathways and have been demonstrated to be efficient producers of biologically active alkaloids; more than 60% of these compounds exhibit valuable activity such as antibacterial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory activities. This review comprehensively summarizes novel alkaloids produced by marine Streptomyces discovered in the past decade, focusing on their structural features, biological activity, and pharmacological mechanisms. Future perspectives on the discovery and development of novel alkaloids from marine Streptomyces are also provided.

Keywords: alkaloid; amide; anti-inflammation; anti-microbial effect; cytotoxicity; indole; marine Streptomyces; pyridine; pyrrole.

Figure 1

Source and statistics of new compounds from Streptomyces over the past three decades.

Figure 2

(a) Structural classes of marine Streptomyces-derived alkaloids reported in January 2013–June 2023; (b) sources of marine Streptomyces strains; and (c) number of new alkaloids discovered between January 2013–June 2023.

Figure 3

Chemical structures of staurosporine analogues 1–24 isolated from marine Streptomyces.

Figure 4

Chemical structures of halogenated bisindoles 25–39 isolated from marine Streptomyces.

Figure 5

Chemical structures of Indole sesquiterpenoids 40–46 isolated from marine Streptomyces.

Figure 6

Chemical structures of other indoles 47–55 isolated from marine Streptomyces.

Figure 7

Chemical structures of pyrrolone and pyrrolidone alkaloids 56–69 isolated from marine Streptomyces.

Figure 8

Chemical structures of pyrrolobenzodiazepines 70–72 isolated from marine Streptomyces.

Figure 9

Chemical structures of ansamycin analogues 73–95 isolated from marine Streptomyces.

Figure 10

Chemical structures of other pyrroles 96–108 isolated from marine Streptomyces.

Figure 11

Chemical structures of oxazole and thiazole alkaloids 109–113 isolated from marine Streptomyces.

Figure 12

Chemical structures of piericidin analogues 114–133 isolated from marine Streptomyces.

Figure 13

Chemical structures of quinolines 134–145 isolated from marine Streptomyces.

Figure 14

Chemical structures of other pyridines 146–157 isolated from marine Streptomyces.

Figure 15

Chemical structures of pyrazines 158–167 isolated from marine Streptomyces.

Figure 16

Chemical structures of diketopiperazines 168–177 isolated from marine Streptomyces.

Figure 17

Chemical structures of phenazine and phenoxazine alkaloids 178–193 isolated from marine Streptomyces.

Figure 18

Chemical structures of indolizidine and pyrrolizidine alkaloids 194–216 isolated from marine Streptomyces.

Figure 19

Chemical structures of linear amides 217–230 isolated from marine Streptomyces.

Figure 20

Chemical structures of macrolactams 231–254 isolated from marine Streptomyces.

Figure 21

Chemical structures of miscellaneous alkaloids 255–261 isolated from marine Streptomyces.