Midline structures and cortical development in late-onset fetal growth restriction according to Doppler status: prospective study

Abstract

Objectives: Fetuses with late-onset growth restriction (FGR) have a higher risk of suboptimal neurocognitive performance after birth. Previous studies have reported that impaired brain and cortical development can start in utero. The primary aim of this study was to report midline structure growth and cortical development in fetuses with late-onset FGR according to its severity; the secondary aim was to elucidate whether the severity of FGR, as defined by the presence of abnormal Doppler findings, plays a role in affecting brain growth and maturation.

Methods: This was a prospective observational study that included fetuses with late-onset FGR (defined according to the Delphi FGR criteria) undergoing neurosonography between 32 and 34 weeks' gestation. Midline structure (corpus callosum (CC) and cerebellar vermis (CV)) length and cortical development, including the depth of the Sylvian (SF), parieto-occipital (POF) and calcarine (CF) fissures, were compared between late-onset FGR, small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) fetuses. Subgroup analysis according to the severity of FGR (normal vs abnormal fetal Doppler) was also performed. Univariate analysis was used to analyze the data.

Results: A total of 52 late-onset FGR fetuses with normal Doppler findings, 60 late-onset FGR fetuses with abnormal Doppler findings, 64 SGA fetuses and 100 AGA fetuses were included in the analysis. When comparing AGA controls with SGA fetuses, late-onset FGR fetuses with normal Doppler findings and late-onset FGR fetuses with abnormal Doppler findings, there was a progressive and significant reduction in the absolute values of the following parameters: CC length (median (interquartile range (IQR)), 43.5 (28.9-56.1) mm vs 41.9 (27.8-51.8) mm vs 38.5 (29.1-50.5) mm vs 31.7 (23.8-40.2) mm; K = 26.68; P < 0.0001), SF depth (median (IQR), 14.5 (10.7-16.8) mm vs 12.7 (9.8-15.1) mm vs 11.9 (9.1-13.4) mm vs 8.3 (6.7-10.3) mm; K = 75.82; P < 0.0001), POF depth (median (IQR), 8.6 (6.3-11.1) mm vs 8.1 (5.6-10.4) mm vs 7.8 (6.1-9.3) mm vs 6.6 (4.2-8.0) mm; K = 45.06; P < 0.0001) and CF depth (median (IQR), 9.3 (6.7-11.5) mm vs 8.2 (5.7-10.7) mm vs 7.7 (5.2-9.4) mm vs 6.3 (4.5-7.2) mm; K = 46.14; P < 0.0001). Absolute CV length was significantly higher in AGA fetuses compared with all other groups, although the same progressive pattern was not noted (median (IQR), 24.9 (17.6-29.2) mm vs 21.6 (15.2-26.1) mm vs 19.1 (13.8-25.9) mm vs 21.0 (13.5-25.8) mm; K = 16.72; P = 0.0008). When the neurosonographic variables were corrected for fetal head circumference, a significant difference in the CC length and SF, POF and CF depths, but not CV length, was observed only in late-onset FGR fetuses with abnormal Doppler findings when compared with AGA and SGA fetuses.

Conclusions: Fetuses with late-onset FGR had shorter CC length and delayed cortical development when compared with AGA fetuses. After controlling for fetal head circumference, these differences remained significant only in late-onset FGR fetuses with abnormal Doppler. These findings support the existence of a link between brain development and impaired placental function. © 2024 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Keywords: cerebellar vermis; corpus callosum; cortical folding; fetal growth restriction; neurosonography; small‐for‐gestational age.