Activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes through CD6 enhances killing of cancer cells

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated efficacy and improved survival in a growing number of cancers. Despite their success, ICIs are associated with immune-related adverse events that can interfere with their use. Therefore, safer approaches are needed. CD6, expressed by T-lymphocytes and human NK cells, engages in cell-cell interactions by binding to its ligands CD166 (ALCAM) and CD318 (CDCP1). CD6 is a target protein for regulating immune responses and is required for the development of several mouse models of autoimmunity. Interestingly, CD6 is exclusively expressed on immune cells while CD318 is strongly expressed on most cancers. Here we demonstrate that disrupting the CD6-CD318 axis with UMCD6, an anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody, prolongs survival of mice in xenograft mouse models of human breast and prostate cancer, treated with infusions of human lymphocytes. Analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells showed that augmentation of lymphocyte cytotoxicity by UMCD6 is due to effects of this antibody on NK, NKT and CD8 + T cells. In particular, tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic lymphocytes from UMCD6-treated mice expressed higher levels of perforin and were found in higher proportions than those from IgG-treated mice. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis of human NK-92 cells treated with UMCD6 revealed that UMCD6 up-regulates the NKG2D-DAP10 receptor complex, important in NK cell activation, as well as its downstream target PI3K. Our results now describe the phenotypic changes that occur on immune cells upon treatment with UMCD6 and further confirm that the CD6-CD318 axis can regulate the activation state of cytotoxic lymphocytes and their positioning within the tumor microenvironment.

Keywords: CD6; Cytotoxic lymphocyte; Immunotherapy; NK.

Fig. 1

UMCD6 increases survival and augments killing by human PBMC of a breast cancer line xeno-transplanted into immunodeficient mice. A Schematic representation of in vivo visualization of tumor growth by the IVIS imaging system. B 2 × 10⁶ MDA-MB-231 cells were inoculated s.c. in the abdomen of female SCID/beige mice. Once tumors reached 1 cm, mice were administered 1 × 10⁷ human PBMCs by tail vein (day 0). The next day, mice were injected with 0.1 mg control IgG or UMCD6. IVIS images at day 14 are shown. C Tumor growth, measured by IVIS, showed a robust decrease in bioluminescence signal in mice treated with UMCD6 compared to IgG and control (not administered PBMCs nor antibodies). The effect of UMCD6 on tumor volume can be seen from day 14 after UMCD6 administration (*p < 0.05). Data represent mean of 4–8 animals ± SD. Group comparisons were done using 1-way ANOVA test at each specific timepoint. D Survival was significantly prolonged in the UMCD6 group compared to the IgG and control groups (***p < 0.001)

Fig. 2

The effect of UMCD6 is more sustained than pembrolizumab in the killing of MDA-MB-231-derived xenograft tumors by PBMC. A and B We conducted a short-term in vivo experiment in which SCID/beige mice were first inoculated with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, then administered 1 × 10⁷ human PBMCs and antibodies (UMCD6, pembrolizumab or IgG; 100 µg). Both UMCD6 and anti-PD-1 enhanced tumor killing by PBMC, but only UMCD6 showed statistical significance at day 8 (*p < 0.05). Data represent mean of 4–5 animals ± SD. C Representative pictures of tumor tissues immunostained for CD56 (human NK cell marker) at day 12 after treatment with UMCD6. D Immunofluorescence of tumor sections stained for the presence of NK cells showed that mice administered UMCD6 had an increased number of tumor-infiltrating NK cells compared to IgG control group (40X) (*p < 0.05). E Characterization of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) by flow cytometry shows that tumor-infiltrating NK cells are found in higher proportions in mice treated with UMCD6. NK cells are more abundant in UMCD6-treated mice (average of 5.8% among TILs) compared with IgG (2.01%) and anti-PD-1 (1.92%). Moreover, tumor-infiltrating NK cells from UMCD6-treated xenografts express higher levels of perforin (*p < 0.05 vs Anti-PD-1) and the activating receptor NKG2D (*p < 0.05 vs IgG). F Similarly, NKG2D and perforin expression in tumor-infiltrating NK-T cells is present after treatment with UMCD6, although the increase was non-significant. G Percentage of T cells within TILs

Fig. 3

UMCD6 increases cytotoxicity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). A TILs from breast cancer MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumors were analyzed by flow cytometry 4 days after treatment with UMCD6 or IgG antibodies. TILs from UMCD6-treated mice had higher levels of NK cells (3.14% ± 0.6), NKT cells (18.65% ± 2.25) and CD8 + T cells (16.18% ± 4.28) compared to TILs from IgG-treated mice: NK cells (2.33% ± 0.37), NKT cells (14.72% ± 2.74) and CD8 + T cells (13.90% ± 2.33). On the contrary, CD4 + T cells from UMCD6-treated mice were found in lower proportions (57.16% ± 5.79) compared to IgG-treated mice (62.15% ± 6.28). B We found a significant increased frequency of NK cells (*p < 0.05), specifically CD56 dim cells (*p < 0.05), in UMCD6-treated mice compared to IgG-treated mice. C CD3 + CD56 + NKT cells from UMCD6-treated mice were found to have enhanced perforin expression compared to control-treated mice (*p < 0.05). D CD8 + T cells were found in all mice and showed expression of perforin in UMCD6-treated mice (n.s. versus control group). E UMCD6 down-regulated the percentage of CD4 + T cells (****p < 0.001) while perforin production was significantly up-regulated. Data represent mean of 4–5 animals ± SD. An unpaired t-test was used to analyze differences between TILs from UMCD6 or IgG treated mice

Fig. 4

UMCD6 alters gene expression in human NK cells to enhance cytotoxic function. A RNA-seq data obtained using NK-92 cells stimulated with UMCD6 in a 6 h culture shows widespread changes in gene expression of 180 genes. B Up-regulation of the activating NK receptors NKG2D (Klrk1) and DAP10 (Hcst), shown to be involved in the activation of NK cells, was confirmed by RT-PCR. C Schematic representation of the role of UMCD6 in the activation of NK cells. Internalization of CD6 by UMCD6 up-regulates the expression of the activating receptor NKG2D-DAP10 and PI3K pathway. D PI3K and mTOR expression, down-stream pathways of NKG2D-DAP10 signaling complex, were found up-regulated at protein level in a 72 h co-culture of NK-92 cells with UMCD6. Data expressed as mean ± SD and p < 0.05 was considered significant (paired t-test)

Fig. 5

UMCD6 enhances NK killing of human breast cancer cells in vivo. A Bioluminescence images of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 SCID/beige xenografts infused with 1 × 10⁶ human NK cells and injected with 100 µg of antibodies (UMCD6 or IgG) at day 7. Control mice were not administered NK cells or antibodies. B Bioluminescence imaging of MDA-MB-231 mice revealed a decrease in tumor growth in mice receiving NK cells and UMCD6 at day 3 and 8 compared to mice receiving NK cells and IgG control antibody. Data represent mean of 2–3 animals ± SD. C Survival rate was significantly increased in the UMCD6 group compared to both the IgG and control groups. UMCD6 vs. IgG, *p = 0.0246; UMCD6 vs. untreated, *p = 0.0389

Fig. 6

UMCD6 enhances killing of patient-derived lung cancer micro-organospheres (MOS). A Lung cancer MOS generated from cancer patient tissues were used in co-cultures with PBMC pre-incubated with UMCD6, nivolumab (anti-PD-1, nivo), mouse IgG or human IgG antibodies at 10 µg/ml. UMCD6 induces apoptosis of lung tumor cells in MOS, at least as efficiently as nivolumab, a PD-1 inhibitor in 2 out of 3 samples (501534 and 501252). Tumor cell killing was measured as the number and relative fluorescence of cancer cells in each well expressing Annexin-V (green fluorescence). B UMCD6 showed superiority to mouse and human IgG (after 12 h; (***p < 0.001)) and anti-PD-1 (at 42 h; (*p < 0.05); (data expressed as mean ± SD; green fluorescence, Annexin-V with y-axis linear, 1-way ANOVA). C Incucyte® images from lung cancer organoids (501252) at day 4 in the presence of antibodies. D T-cell/epithelial cell ratio (T cells/EpCAM ratio) and presence of PDL-1 were measured in each tumor MOS samples