. 2023 Nov 17;17(1):sfad279.

doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfad279. eCollection 2024 Jan.

Mortality and disability-adjusted life years in North Africa and Middle East attributed to kidney dysfunction: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi^{1

2}, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam^{1

3}, Sina Azadnajafabad¹, Esmaeil Mohammadi^{1

4}, Amirmohammad Khalaji^{1

4}, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour¹, Mohammad Keykhaei^{1

5}, Negar Rezaei^{1

6}, Zahra Esfahani¹, Nazila Rezaei¹; GBD 2019 NAME Kidney Dysfunction Risk Factor Collaborators; Ali H Mokdad^{7

8}, Christopher J L Murray^{7

8}, Mohsen Naghavi^{7

8}, Bagher Larijani⁶, Farshad Farzadfar^{1

6}

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

GBD 2019 NAME Kidney Dysfunction Risk Factor Collaborators:
Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi^{1

2}, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam¹, Sina Azadnajafabad¹, Esmaeil Mohammadi^{1

3}, Amirmohammad Khalaji^{1

3}, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour¹, Mohammad Keykhaei^{1

4}, Negar Rezaei^{1

5}, Zahra Esfahani¹, Nazila Rezaei¹, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari¹, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari^{2

1}, Samar Abd ElHafeez⁶, Sherief Abd-Elsalam⁷, Meriem Abdoun⁸, Eman Abu-Gharbieh⁹, Aqeel Ahmad¹⁰, Ayman Ahmed^{11

12}, Sayer Al-Azzam¹³, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi¹⁴, Ala'a B Al-Tammemi^{15

16}, Javad Aminian Dehkordi^{17

18}, Mehrdad Amir-Behghadami^{19

20}, Jalal Arabloo²¹, Mohammad Athar^{22

23}, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari²⁴, Mahsa Babaei^{25

26}, Hassan Babamohamadi²⁷, Nayereh Baghcheghi²⁸, Sara Bagherieh²⁹, Hamid Reza Baradaran^{30

31}, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula³², Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja³³, Milad Bonakdar Hashemi³⁴, Luciana Aparecida Campos^{35

36}, Azizallah Dehghan³⁷, Muhammed Elhadi³⁸, Waseem El-Huneidi³⁹, Ali Fatehizadeh⁴⁰, Alireza Feizkhah⁴¹, Fataneh Ghadirian⁴², Ali Gholami^{43

44}, Samer Hamidi⁴⁵, Hadi Hassankhani^{46

47}, Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan^{1

48}, Kamran Hessami^{49

50}, Kamal Hezam^{51

52}, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini⁵³, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh⁵⁴, Rana Irilouzadian^{55

48}, Haitham Jahrami^{56

57}, Tannaz Jamialahmadi^{58

59}, Sathish Kumar Jayapal⁶⁰, Reema A Karasneh⁶¹, Moien A B Khan^{62

63}, Yusra H Khan⁶⁴, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh⁶¹, Farzad Kompani⁶⁵, Hamid Reza Koohestani⁶⁶, Mohammed Kuddus⁶⁷, Soleiman Mahjoub^{68

69}, Ata Mahmoodpoor⁷⁰, Elaheh Malakan Rad⁷¹, Ahmad Azam Malik^{72

73}, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi⁶⁴, Mohammadreza Mobayen⁷⁴, Faezeh Mohammadi⁷⁵, Syam Mohan^{76

77}, Sara Momtazmanesh^{1

3}, Zuhair S Natto^{78

79}, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi^{48

1}, Hassan Okati-Aliabad⁸⁰, Sina Rashedi^{81

1}, Amirfarzan Rashidi⁸², Mahsa Rashidi⁸³, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan^{84

85}, Aly M A Saad⁸⁶, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari⁸⁷, Amirhossein Sahebkar^{88

89}, Morteza Saki⁹⁰, Abdallah M Samy⁹¹, Elaheh Shaker^{1

3}, Jeevan K Shetty⁹², Seyed Afshin Shorofi^{93

94}, Mohammad Tabish⁹⁵, Amir Taherkhani⁹⁶, Muhammad Umair^{97

98}, Seyed Mohammad Vahabi⁹⁹, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah^{100

101}, Arzu Yigit¹⁰², Mazyar Zahir¹⁰³, Moein Zangiabadian⁴⁸, Ali H Mokdad^{7

8}, Christopher J L Murray^{7

8}, Mohsen Naghavi^{7

8}, Bagher Larijani⁵, Farshad Farzadfar^{1

5}

Affiliations

¹ Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
² Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
³ Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Kiel, Germany.
⁴ School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁵ Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁶ Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁸ Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁹ Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
¹⁰ Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia.
¹¹ Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
¹² Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
¹³ Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
¹⁴ Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁵ Migration Health Division, International Organization for Migration, Amman, Jordan.
¹⁶ Department of Family and Occupational Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
¹⁷ Department of Applied Science and Technology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
¹⁸ Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁹ Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
²⁰ Department of Health Service Management, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Tabriz, Iran.
²¹ Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
²² Department of Medical Genetics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
²³ Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
²⁴ Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
²⁵ Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
²⁶ Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
²⁷ Department of Nursing, Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Semnan, Iran.
²⁸ Department of Nursing, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran.
²⁹ School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
³⁰ Department of Epidemiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
³¹ Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research (ACER), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
³² Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
³³ Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain.
³⁴ Urology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
³⁵ Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil.
³⁶ College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
³⁷ Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Fasa, Iran.
³⁸ Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya.
³⁹ Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
⁴⁰ Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
⁴¹ Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
⁴² Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴³ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
⁴⁴ Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
⁴⁵ School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
⁴⁶ School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
⁴⁷ Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran.
⁴⁸ School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴⁹ Maternal Fetal Care Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵⁰ Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
⁵¹ Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen.
⁵² Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
⁵³ Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
⁵⁴ Burn Research Center, Shahid Motahari Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
⁵⁵ Burn Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁵⁶ College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
⁵⁷ Ministry of Health, Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain.
⁵⁸ Department of Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
⁵⁹ Department of Food Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran.
⁶⁰ Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman.
⁶¹ Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
⁶² Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
⁶³ Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, UK.
⁶⁴ Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.
⁶⁵ Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁶⁶ Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran.
⁶⁷ Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
⁶⁸ Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
⁶⁹ Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
⁷⁰ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
⁷¹ Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷² Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
⁷³ University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
⁷⁴ Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
⁷⁵ School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷⁶ Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
⁷⁷ Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, India.
⁷⁸ Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
⁷⁹ Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
⁸⁰ Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
⁸¹ Department of Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁸² Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
⁸³ Department of Clinical Science, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran.
⁸⁴ Department Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt.
⁸⁵ Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt.
⁸⁶ Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University-Egypt, Zagazig, Egypt.
⁸⁷ Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
⁸⁸ Department of Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
⁸⁹ Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
⁹⁰ Department of Microbiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
⁹¹ Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
⁹² Department of Biochemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain.
⁹³ Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
⁹⁴ Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
⁹⁵ Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia.
⁹⁶ Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
⁹⁷ Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁹⁸ Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
⁹⁹ Faculty Of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
¹⁰¹ Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁰² Department of Health Management, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi (Süleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Türkiye.
¹⁰³ Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

PMID: 38288035
PMCID: PMC10823484
DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad279

Mortality and disability-adjusted life years in North Africa and Middle East attributed to kidney dysfunction: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi et al. Clin Kidney J. 2023.

. 2023 Nov 17;17(1):sfad279.

doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfad279. eCollection 2024 Jan.

Authors

Collaborators

GBD 2019 NAME Kidney Dysfunction Risk Factor Collaborators:
Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi^{1

2}, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam¹, Sina Azadnajafabad¹, Esmaeil Mohammadi^{1

3}, Amirmohammad Khalaji^{1

3}, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour¹, Mohammad Keykhaei^{1

4}, Negar Rezaei^{1

5}, Zahra Esfahani¹, Nazila Rezaei¹, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari¹, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari^{2

1}, Samar Abd ElHafeez⁶, Sherief Abd-Elsalam⁷, Meriem Abdoun⁸, Eman Abu-Gharbieh⁹, Aqeel Ahmad¹⁰, Ayman Ahmed^{11

12}, Sayer Al-Azzam¹³, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi¹⁴, Ala'a B Al-Tammemi^{15

16}, Javad Aminian Dehkordi^{17

18}, Mehrdad Amir-Behghadami^{19

20}, Jalal Arabloo²¹, Mohammad Athar^{22

23}, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari²⁴, Mahsa Babaei^{25

26}, Hassan Babamohamadi²⁷, Nayereh Baghcheghi²⁸, Sara Bagherieh²⁹, Hamid Reza Baradaran^{30

31}, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula³², Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja³³, Milad Bonakdar Hashemi³⁴, Luciana Aparecida Campos^{35

36}, Azizallah Dehghan³⁷, Muhammed Elhadi³⁸, Waseem El-Huneidi³⁹, Ali Fatehizadeh⁴⁰, Alireza Feizkhah⁴¹, Fataneh Ghadirian⁴², Ali Gholami^{43

44}, Samer Hamidi⁴⁵, Hadi Hassankhani^{46

47}, Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan^{1

48}, Kamran Hessami^{49

50}, Kamal Hezam^{51

52}, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini⁵³, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh⁵⁴, Rana Irilouzadian^{55

48}, Haitham Jahrami^{56

57}, Tannaz Jamialahmadi^{58

59}, Sathish Kumar Jayapal⁶⁰, Reema A Karasneh⁶¹, Moien A B Khan^{62

63}, Yusra H Khan⁶⁴, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh⁶¹, Farzad Kompani⁶⁵, Hamid Reza Koohestani⁶⁶, Mohammed Kuddus⁶⁷, Soleiman Mahjoub^{68

69}, Ata Mahmoodpoor⁷⁰, Elaheh Malakan Rad⁷¹, Ahmad Azam Malik^{72

73}, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi⁶⁴, Mohammadreza Mobayen⁷⁴, Faezeh Mohammadi⁷⁵, Syam Mohan^{76

77}, Sara Momtazmanesh^{1

3}, Zuhair S Natto^{78

79}, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi^{48

1}, Hassan Okati-Aliabad⁸⁰, Sina Rashedi^{81

1}, Amirfarzan Rashidi⁸², Mahsa Rashidi⁸³, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan^{84

85}, Aly M A Saad⁸⁶, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari⁸⁷, Amirhossein Sahebkar^{88

89}, Morteza Saki⁹⁰, Abdallah M Samy⁹¹, Elaheh Shaker^{1

3}, Jeevan K Shetty⁹², Seyed Afshin Shorofi^{93

94}, Mohammad Tabish⁹⁵, Amir Taherkhani⁹⁶, Muhammad Umair^{97

98}, Seyed Mohammad Vahabi⁹⁹, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah^{100

101}, Arzu Yigit¹⁰², Mazyar Zahir¹⁰³, Moein Zangiabadian⁴⁸, Ali H Mokdad^{7

8}, Christopher J L Murray^{7

8}, Mohsen Naghavi^{7

8}, Bagher Larijani⁵, Farshad Farzadfar^{1

5}

Affiliations

¹ Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
² Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
³ Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Kiel, Germany.
⁴ School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁵ Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁶ Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁸ Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁹ Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
¹⁰ Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia.
¹¹ Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
¹² Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
¹³ Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
¹⁴ Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁵ Migration Health Division, International Organization for Migration, Amman, Jordan.
¹⁶ Department of Family and Occupational Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
¹⁷ Department of Applied Science and Technology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
¹⁸ Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁹ Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
²⁰ Department of Health Service Management, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Tabriz, Iran.
²¹ Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
²² Department of Medical Genetics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
²³ Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
²⁴ Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
²⁵ Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
²⁶ Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
²⁷ Department of Nursing, Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Semnan, Iran.
²⁸ Department of Nursing, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran.
²⁹ School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
³⁰ Department of Epidemiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
³¹ Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research (ACER), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
³² Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
³³ Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain.
³⁴ Urology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
³⁵ Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil.
³⁶ College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
³⁷ Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Fasa, Iran.
³⁸ Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya.
³⁹ Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
⁴⁰ Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
⁴¹ Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
⁴² Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴³ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
⁴⁴ Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
⁴⁵ School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
⁴⁶ School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
⁴⁷ Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran.
⁴⁸ School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴⁹ Maternal Fetal Care Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵⁰ Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
⁵¹ Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen.
⁵² Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
⁵³ Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
⁵⁴ Burn Research Center, Shahid Motahari Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
⁵⁵ Burn Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁵⁶ College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
⁵⁷ Ministry of Health, Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain.
⁵⁸ Department of Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
⁵⁹ Department of Food Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran.
⁶⁰ Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman.
⁶¹ Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
⁶² Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
⁶³ Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, UK.
⁶⁴ Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.
⁶⁵ Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁶⁶ Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran.
⁶⁷ Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
⁶⁸ Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
⁶⁹ Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
⁷⁰ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
⁷¹ Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷² Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
⁷³ University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
⁷⁴ Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
⁷⁵ School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷⁶ Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
⁷⁷ Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, India.
⁷⁸ Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
⁷⁹ Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
⁸⁰ Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
⁸¹ Department of Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁸² Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
⁸³ Department of Clinical Science, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran.
⁸⁴ Department Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt.
⁸⁵ Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt.
⁸⁶ Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University-Egypt, Zagazig, Egypt.
⁸⁷ Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
⁸⁸ Department of Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
⁸⁹ Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
⁹⁰ Department of Microbiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
⁹¹ Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
⁹² Department of Biochemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain.
⁹³ Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
⁹⁴ Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
⁹⁵ Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia.
⁹⁶ Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
⁹⁷ Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁹⁸ Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
⁹⁹ Faculty Of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
¹⁰¹ Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁰² Department of Health Management, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi (Süleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Türkiye.
¹⁰³ Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

PMID: 38288035
PMCID: PMC10823484
DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad279

Abstract

Background: The study aimed to estimate the attributable burden to kidney dysfunction as a metabolic risk factor in the North Africa and Middle East (NAME) region and its 21 countries in 1990-2019.

Methods: The data used in this study were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2019 study, which provided estimated measures of deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and other epidemiological indicators of burden. To provide a better insight into the differences in the level of social, cultural, and economic factors, the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) was used.

Results: In the NAME region in 2019, the number of deaths attributed to kidney dysfunction was 296 632 (95% uncertainty interval: 249 965-343 962), which was about 2.5 times higher than in the year 1990. Afghanistan, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia had the highest, and Kuwait, Turkey, and Iran (Islamic Republic of) had the lowest age-standardized rate of DALYs attributed to kidney dysfunction in the region in 2019. Kidney dysfunction was accounted as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease with 150 471, 111 812, 34 068, and 281 attributable deaths, respectively, in 2019 in the region. In 2019, both low-SDI and high-SDI countries in the region experienced higher burdens associated with kidney dysfunction compared to other countries.

Conclusions: Kidney dysfunction increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases burden and accounted for more deaths attributable to cardiovascular diseases than chronic kidney disease in the region in 2019. Hence, policymakers in the NAME region should prioritize kidney disease prevention and control, recognizing that neglecting its impact on other diseases is a key limitation in its management.

Keywords: cardiovascular diseases; chronic kidney disease; global burden of disease; kidney dysfunction; mortality.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Rajaa M Al-Raddadi reports other support as a co-author on the hypertension paper, ‘Patient Journey for Hypertension and Dyslipidemia in Saudi Arabia: Highlighting the Evidence Gaps’ sponsored by Upjohn, a legacy Pfizer division, now merged with Mylan to be Viatris; all outside the submitted work. The other authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1:**
Attributed age-standardized rate of YLLs, YLDs, deaths, and DALYs of kidney dysfunction in both sexes in 21 countries of the region by ranking of each country in 1990 and 2019. DALYs: disability-adjusted life years; YLLs: years of life lost; YLDs: years lived with disability.

**Figure 2:**
Attributed age-standardized rate of YLLs, YLDs, deaths, and DALYs of kidney dysfunction in both sexes, countries were stratified by colors for quintiles in 2019 (left side) and percentage change of these indices from 1990 to 2019 (right side). DALYs: disability-adjusted life years; YLLs: years of life lost; YLDs: years lived with disability.

**Figure 3:**
Attributed age-standardized rate of YLLs, YLDs, deaths, and DALYs of kidney dysfunction in both sexes due to causes in years 1990 and 2019. DALYs: disability-adjusted life years; YLLs: years of life lost; YLDs: years lived with disability.

**Figure 4:**
Attributed age-standardized rate of YLLs, YLDs, deaths, and DALYs of kidney dysfunction in both sexes by SDI of each country of the region and mean of the region from 1990 to 2019. DALYs: disability-adjusted life years; YLLs: years of life lost; SDI: socio-demographic index; YLDs: years lived with disability.

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References

1. GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators . Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2020;396:1204–22. 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators . Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2020;396:1223–49. 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration . Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2020;395:709–33. 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30045-3 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Bowe B, Xie Y, Li Tet al. . Changes in the US burden of chronic kidney disease from 2002 to 2016: an analysis of the global burden of disease study. JAMA Netw Open 2018;1:e184412–e. 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4412 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Department of Economic and Social Affairs-Sustainable Development . Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: United Nations. 2015;A/RES/70/1:[Available from: https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda]

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Mortality and disability-adjusted life years in North Africa and Middle East attributed to kidney dysfunction: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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Mortality and disability-adjusted life years in North Africa and Middle East attributed to kidney dysfunction: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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