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. 2024 Jan 30;14(1):2538.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53113-0.

The influence of tactical formation on physical and technical performance across playing positions in the Chinese super league

Wei Zhang  1 , Bo Gong  1 , Rancheng Tao  1 , Fei Zhou  1 , Miguel Ángel Gómez Ruano  2 , Changjing Zhou  3
Affiliations

The influence of tactical formation on physical and technical performance across playing positions in the Chinese super league

Wei Zhang et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the impact of tactical formations on the physical and technical performance of professional football players in the Chinese Super League (CSL). A sample of 800 games from the 2015-2021 CSL was analyzed, and players' physical (total distance covered, distance covered while ball in play, number of sprints, sprint distance, and high/middle/low-speed running) and technical (gain/loss of possession, ball retention percentage, challenges, challenge success percentage, passes, and pass success percentage) performance was assessed across six team formations: 3-5-2 (n = 137), 4-3-3 (n = 77), 4-2-3-1 (n = 391), 4-4-2 (n = 257), 3-4-3 (n = 41), and 4-1-4-1 (n = 107). Linear mixed models were used to assess variations in performance indicators across positions and formations. The results demonstrated that central defenders traveled significantly more total and low-speed running distances in the 3-5-2 formation than in the 4-2-3-1 formation (ES range: 0.33-0.34, p < 0.01). Fullbacks in the 3-5-2 formation demonstrated more high-speed running than did those in the 4-4-2 formation (ES = 0.27, p = 0.04). The central midfielders exhibited significantly more sprints and longer sprint distances in the 4-2-3-1 formation than in the 4-4-2 formation (ES range: 0.2-0.24, p < 0.01). Regarding technical performance, central defenders displayed significantly greater ball retention percentages, passes, and pass success rates in the 3-4-3 than in the 3-5-2 formations (ES range: 0.58-0.65, p < 0.01). Moreover, fullbacks and central midfielders executed markedly more passes with superior pass success rates in 4-back formations than in 3-5-2 formations (ES range: 0.2-0.53, p < 0.01). These findings can help coaches and academic staff understand the physical and technical requirements of various positions in various tactical formations, thus optimizing the training process.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The number of sprints covered by players at different positions across different formations.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The sprint distance covered by players at different positions across different formations.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The high-speed running covered by players at different positions across different formations.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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