Genetic Testing for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders in Less Privileged Areas: Barriers and Opportunities

Affiliations

¹ Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
² Neurogenetics Working Group, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru.
³ Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.
⁴ Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
⁵ Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India.
⁶ Movement Disorders Service, Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chong Hua Hospital and Vicente Sotto Memorial Medical Center, Cebu, Philippines.
⁷ CETRAM-Centro de Estudios de Transtornos del Movimiento, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile.
⁸ Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
⁹ Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
¹⁰ Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
¹¹ T.M.J. Super Specialized Polyclinic, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
¹² Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Genomic Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
¹³ Department of Neurology, Hospital Sanatorio de la Trinidad Mitre, Instituto de Neurociencias Buenos Aires, School of Medicine, Buenos Aires University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Ai Huey Tan et al. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2024 Jan.

. 2024 Jan;11(1):14-20.

doi: 10.1002/mdc3.13903. Epub 2023 Nov 29.

¹ Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
² Neurogenetics Working Group, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru.
³ Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.
⁴ Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
⁵ Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India.
⁶ Movement Disorders Service, Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chong Hua Hospital and Vicente Sotto Memorial Medical Center, Cebu, Philippines.
⁷ CETRAM-Centro de Estudios de Transtornos del Movimiento, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile.
⁸ Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
⁹ Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
¹⁰ Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
¹¹ T.M.J. Super Specialized Polyclinic, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
¹² Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Genomic Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
¹³ Department of Neurology, Hospital Sanatorio de la Trinidad Mitre, Instituto de Neurociencias Buenos Aires, School of Medicine, Buenos Aires University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

No abstract available

Keywords: genetic counselling; genetics; genomics; low and middle income; return-of-results; under-represented population.

Figures

Clinical and functional evidence for the pathogenicity of the LRRK2 p.Arg1067Gln variant.
Lim SY, Toh TS, Hor JW, Lim JL, Lit LC, Ahmad-Annuar A, Tay YW, Foo JN, Ng EY, Muthusamy KA, Mohamed Ibrahim N, Ibrahim KA, Tan LCS, Zulkefli J, Khairul Anuar AN, Black K, Lis P, Xie F, Cen Z, Lim KS, Lohmann K, Padmanabhan S, Alessi DR, Luo W, Tan EK, Sammler E, Tan AH. Lim SY, et al. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2025 Feb 23;11(1):34. doi: 10.1038/s41531-025-00884-6. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2025. PMID: 39988587 Free PMC article.
Barriers to clinical genetic testing in movement disorders.
Yeow D, Rudaks LI, Kumar KR. Yeow D, et al. Curr Opin Neurol. 2025 Aug 1;38(4):355-360. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000001381. Epub 2025 May 21. Curr Opin Neurol. 2025. PMID: 40396552 Free PMC article. Review.
Global Perspectives on Returning Genetic Research Results in Parkinson Disease.
Tan AH, Saffie-Awad P, Schumacher Schuh AF, Lim SY, Madoev H, Ahmad-Annuar A, Solle J, Wegel CE, Doquenia ML, Dey S, Perinan MT, Makarious MB, Fiske B, Morris HR, Noyce AJ, Alcalay RN, Kumar KR, Klein C; Global Parkinson's Genetic Program (GP2). Tan AH, et al. Neurol Genet. 2024 Dec 5;10(6):e200213. doi: 10.1212/NXG.0000000000200213. eCollection 2024 Dec. Neurol Genet. 2024. PMID: 39807215 Free PMC article.
Parkinson's Disease is Predominantly a Genetic Disease.
Lim SY, Klein C. Lim SY, et al. J Parkinsons Dis. 2024;14(3):467-482. doi: 10.3233/JPD-230376. J Parkinsons Dis. 2024. PMID: 38552119 Free PMC article. Review.

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