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. 2024 Jan 16:10:1261083.
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1261083. eCollection 2023.

Inflammation and poverty as individual and combined predictors of 15-year mortality risk in middle aged and older adults in the US

Arch G Mainous 3rd  1   2 , Frank A Orlando  1 , Lu Yin  1 , Pooja Sharma  2 , Velyn Wu  1 , Aaron Saguil  1
Affiliations

Inflammation and poverty as individual and combined predictors of 15-year mortality risk in middle aged and older adults in the US

Arch G Mainous 3rd et al. Front Med (Lausanne). .

Abstract

Background: Chronic systemic inflammation and poverty are both linked to an increased mortality risk. The goal of this study was to determine if there is a synergistic effect of the presence of inflammation and poverty on the 15-year risk of all-cause, heart disease and cancer mortality among US adults.

Methods: We analyzed the nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999 to 2002 with linked records to the National Death Index through the date December 31, 2019. Among adults aged 40 and older, 15-year mortality risk associated with inflammation, C-reactive protein (CRP), and poverty was assessed in Cox regressions. All-cause, heart disease and cancer mortality were the outcomes.

Results: Individuals with elevated CRP at 1.0 mg/dL and poverty were at greater risk of 15-year adjusted, all-cause mortality (HR = 2.45; 95% CI 1.64, 3.67) than individuals with low CRP and were above poverty. For individuals with just one at risk characteristic, low inflammation/poverty (HR = 1.58; 95% CI 1.30, 1.93), inflammation/above poverty (HR = 1.59; 95% CI 1.31, 1.93) the mortality risk was essentially the same and substantially lower than the risk for adults with both. Individuals with both elevated inflammation and living in poverty experience a 15-year heart disease mortality risk elevated by 127% and 15-year cancer mortality elevated by 196%.

Discussion: This study extends the past research showing an increased mortality risk for poverty and systemic inflammation to indicate that there is a potential synergistic effect for increased mortality risk when an adult has both increased inflammation and is living in poverty.

Keywords: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; cohort; inflammation; mortality; poverty.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) Mortality Kaplan–Meier curve for four inflammation and poverty groups and 15 year mortality with CRP = 0.3 mg/dL (log rank test p < 0.001). (B) Mortality Kaplan–Meier curve for four inflammation and poverty groups and 15 year mortality with CRP =1.0 mg/dL (log rank test p < 0.001).
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