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Meta-Analysis
. 2024 Feb 1;2(2):CD003962.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003962.pub3.

Non-immunosuppressive treatment for IgA nephropathy

David J Tunnicliffe  1 , Sharon Reid  2 , Jonathan C Craig  3   4 , Joshua A Samuels  5 , Donald A Molony  6 , Giovanni Fm Strippoli  3   7
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Non-immunosuppressive treatment for IgA nephropathy

David J Tunnicliffe et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerular disease, with approximately 20% to 40% of patients progressing to kidney failure within 25 years. Non-immunosuppressive treatment has become a mainstay in the management of IgAN by improving blood pressure (BP) management, decreasing proteinuria, and avoiding the risks of long-term immunosuppressive management. Due to the slowly progressive nature of the disease, clinical trials are often underpowered, and conflicting information about management with non-immunosuppressive treatment is common. This is an update of a Cochrane review, first published in 2011.

Objectives: To assess the benefits and harms of non-immunosuppressive treatment for treating IgAN in adults and children. We aimed to examine all non-immunosuppressive therapies (e.g. anticoagulants, antihypertensives, dietary restriction and supplementation, tonsillectomy, and herbal medicines) in the management of IgAN.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies up to December 2023 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs of non-immunosuppressive agents in adults and children with biopsy-proven IgAN were included.

Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently reviewed search results, extracted data and assessed study quality. Results were expressed as mean differences (MD) for continuous outcomes and risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random-effects meta-analysis. Confidence in the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.

Main results: This review includes 80 studies (4856 participants), of which 24 new studies (2018 participants) were included in this review update. The risk of bias within the included studies was mostly high or unclear for many of the assessed methodological domains, with poor reporting of important key clinical trial methods in most studies. Antihypertensive therapies were the most examined non-immunosuppressive therapy (37 studies, 1799 participants). Compared to placebo or no treatment, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibition probably decreases proteinuria (3 studies, 199 participants: MD - 0.71 g/24 h, 95% CI -1.04 to -0.39; moderate certainty evidence) but may result in little or no difference to kidney failure or doubling of serum creatinine (SCr), or complete remission of proteinuria (low certainty evidence). Death, remission of haematuria, relapse of proteinuria or > 50% increase in SCr were not reported. Compared to symptomatic treatment, RAS inhibition (3 studies, 168 participants) probably decreases proteinuria (MD -1.16 g/24 h, 95% CI -1.52 to -0.81) and SCr (MD -9.37 µmol/L, 95% CI -71.95 to -6.80) and probably increases creatinine clearance (2 studies, 127 participants: MD 23.26 mL/min, 95% CI 10.40 to 36.12) (all moderate certainty evidence); however, the risk of kidney failure is uncertain (1 study, 34 participants: RR 0.20, 95% CI 0.01 to 3.88; very low certainty evidence). Death, remission of proteinuria or haematuria, or relapse of proteinuria were not reported. The risk of adverse events may be no different with RAS inhibition compared to either placebo or symptomatic treatment (low certainty evidence). In low certainty evidence, tonsillectomy in people with IgAN in addition to standard care may increase remission of proteinuria compared to standard care alone (2 studies, 143 participants: RR 1.90, 95% CI 1.45 to 2.47) and remission of microscopic haematuria (2 studies, 143 participants: RR 1.93, 95% CI 1.47 to 2.53) and may decrease relapse of proteinuria (1 study, 73 participants: RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.85) and relapse of haematuria (1 study, 72 participants: RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.98). Death, kidney failure and a > 50% increase in SCr were not reported. These trials have only been conducted in Japanese people with IgAN, and the findings' generalisability is unclear. Anticoagulant therapy, fish oil, and traditional Chinese medicines exhibited small benefits to kidney function in patients with IgAN when compared to placebo or no treatment. However, compared to standard care, the kidney function benefits are no longer evident. Antimalarial therapy compared to placebo in one study reported an increase in a > 50% reduction of proteinuria (53 participants: RR 3.13 g/24 h, 95% CI 1.17 to 8.36; low certainty evidence). Although, there was uncertainty regarding adverse events from this study due to very few events.

Authors' conclusions: Available RCTs focused on a diverse range of interventions. They were few, small, and of insufficient duration to determine potential long-term benefits on important kidney and cardiovascular outcomes and harms of treatment. Antihypertensive agents appear to be the most beneficial non-immunosuppressive intervention for IgAN. The antihypertensives examined were predominantly angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. The benefits of RAS inhibition appear to outweigh the harms in patients with IgAN. The certainty of the evidence of RCTs demonstrating a benefit of tonsillectomy to patients with Japanese patients with IgAN was low. In addition, these findings are inconsistent across observational studies in people with IgAN of other ethnicities; hence, tonsillectomy is not widely recommended, given the potential harm of therapy. The RCT evidence is insufficiently robust to demonstrate efficacy for the other non-immunosuppressive treatments evaluated here.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01773382 NCT01225445 NCT00862693 NCT02942381 NCT00004448 NCT00793585 NCT00870493 NCT00426348 NCT00318474 NCT00378443 NCT02647255 NCT04525729 NCT04805047 NCT04905212 NCT05065970 NCT00554502 NCT04287985 NCT04291781 NCT04578834 NCT05398510 NCT05834738 NCT03357653 NCT04662723 NCT02231125 NCT02662283 NCT02765594 NCT05016323 NCT05083364 NCT05097989 NCT05320133 NCT05687890 NCT05775042 NCT05797610 NCT05799287 NCT05847920 NCT05852938 NCT06137768 NCT03762850 NCT03418779.

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Conflict of interest statement

David Tunnicliffe: no relevant interests were disclosed

Sharon Reid: no relevant interests were disclosed

Jonathan Craig: no relevant interests were disclosed

Joshua Samuels: no relevant interests were disclosed

Donald Malony: no relevant interests were disclosed

Giovanni Strippoli: no relevant interests were disclosed

Figures

1
1
Flow diagram for 2023 review update study selection
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antihypertensive agents with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 1: Kidney failure or doubling of serum creatinine
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antihypertensive agents with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 2: Complete remission of proteinuria
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antihypertensive agents with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 3: Partial remission of proteinuria
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antihypertensive agents with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 4: Proteinuria
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antihypertensive agents with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 6: Haematuria
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antihypertensive agents with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 8: Serum creatinine
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antihypertensive agents with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 9: Doubling of serum creatinine
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antihypertensive agents with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 10: > 50% increase in serum creatinine
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antihypertensive agents with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 11: Change in serum creatinine
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antihypertensive agents with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 12: Creatinine clearance
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antihypertensive agents with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 13: Adverse events
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antihypertensive agents with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 15: Serious adverse events
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 1: Death
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 2: Kidney failure
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 3: Remission of proteinuria
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 4: Complete remission
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 5: Partial remission
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 6: Proteinuria
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 7: Haematuria
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 9: Serum creatinine
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 10: > 50% increase in serum creatinine
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 11: Creatinine clearance
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 12: Change in creatinine clearance
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 14: Cardiovascular events
2.15
2.15. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 15: Adverse events
2.16
2.16. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 16: Serious adverse events
2.17
2.17. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 17: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage
2.18
2.18. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 18: Leukopenia
2.19
2.19. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 19: Hyperkalaemia
2.20
2.20. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 20: Nausea
2.22
2.22. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 22: Infection
2.23
2.23. Analysis
Comparison 2: Anticoagulant with or without treatment versus placebo, standard care, no treatment or other agents, Outcome 23: Systolic blood pressure
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Fish oil versus placebo, no treatment or symptomatic treatment of blood pressure, Outcome 1: Death
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Fish oil versus placebo, no treatment or symptomatic treatment of blood pressure, Outcome 2: Kidney failure
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Fish oil versus placebo, no treatment or symptomatic treatment of blood pressure, Outcome 3: Proteinuria
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Fish oil versus placebo, no treatment or symptomatic treatment of blood pressure, Outcome 4: Change in proteinuria
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: Fish oil versus placebo, no treatment or symptomatic treatment of blood pressure, Outcome 6: Change in haematuria (cells/mL x 105)
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3: Fish oil versus placebo, no treatment or symptomatic treatment of blood pressure, Outcome 8: Serum creatinine
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3: Fish oil versus placebo, no treatment or symptomatic treatment of blood pressure, Outcome 9: > 50% increase in serum creatinine
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3: Fish oil versus placebo, no treatment or symptomatic treatment of blood pressure, Outcome 10: Change in serum creatinine
3.13
3.13. Analysis
Comparison 3: Fish oil versus placebo, no treatment or symptomatic treatment of blood pressure, Outcome 13: Creatinine clearance
3.14
3.14. Analysis
Comparison 3: Fish oil versus placebo, no treatment or symptomatic treatment of blood pressure, Outcome 14: > 50% decrease in creatinine clearance
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Statins with or without other treatment versus placebo, no treatment or other treatment, Outcome 1: Proteinuria
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Statins with or without other treatment versus placebo, no treatment or other treatment, Outcome 3: Haematuria
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: Statins with or without other treatment versus placebo, no treatment or other treatment, Outcome 4: Serum creatinine
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4: Statins with or without other treatment versus placebo, no treatment or other treatment, Outcome 6: Creatinine clearance
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Tonsillectomy plus other treatment versus other treatment, Outcome 1: Remission of proteinuria
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Tonsillectomy plus other treatment versus other treatment, Outcome 2: Proteinuria
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5: Tonsillectomy plus other treatment versus other treatment, Outcome 3: Relapse of proteinuria
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5: Tonsillectomy plus other treatment versus other treatment, Outcome 4: Remission of haematuria
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5: Tonsillectomy plus other treatment versus other treatment, Outcome 5: Relapse of haematuria
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5: Tonsillectomy plus other treatment versus other treatment, Outcome 6: Serum creatinine
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5: Tonsillectomy plus other treatment versus other treatment, Outcome 7: Creatinine clearance
5.8
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5: Tonsillectomy plus other treatment versus other treatment, Outcome 8: Adverse events
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Herbal medicine with or without standard care versus placebo, no treatment, standard care or other treatment, Outcome 1: Remission in proteinuria
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: Herbal medicine with or without standard care versus placebo, no treatment, standard care or other treatment, Outcome 2: Complete remission
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6: Herbal medicine with or without standard care versus placebo, no treatment, standard care or other treatment, Outcome 3: Partial remission
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6: Herbal medicine with or without standard care versus placebo, no treatment, standard care or other treatment, Outcome 5: Proteinuria
6.6
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6: Herbal medicine with or without standard care versus placebo, no treatment, standard care or other treatment, Outcome 6: Remission in haematuria
6.7
6.7. Analysis
Comparison 6: Herbal medicine with or without standard care versus placebo, no treatment, standard care or other treatment, Outcome 7: Haematuria
6.8
6.8. Analysis
Comparison 6: Herbal medicine with or without standard care versus placebo, no treatment, standard care or other treatment, Outcome 8: Serum creatinine
6.9
6.9. Analysis
Comparison 6: Herbal medicine with or without standard care versus placebo, no treatment, standard care or other treatment, Outcome 9: Creatinine clearance
6.10
6.10. Analysis
Comparison 6: Herbal medicine with or without standard care versus placebo, no treatment, standard care or other treatment, Outcome 10: Diarrhoea
6.12
6.12. Analysis
Comparison 6: Herbal medicine with or without standard care versus placebo, no treatment, standard care or other treatment, Outcome 12: Systolic blood pressure
6.13
6.13. Analysis
Comparison 6: Herbal medicine with or without standard care versus placebo, no treatment, standard care or other treatment, Outcome 13: Diastolic blood pressure
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Dietary interventions versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 1: Kidney failure
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: Dietary interventions versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 2: Proteinuria
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7: Dietary interventions versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 4: Creatinine clearance
7.5
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7: Dietary interventions versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 5: Adverse events
7.6
7.6. Analysis
Comparison 7: Dietary interventions versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 6: Systolic blood pressure
7.7
7.7. Analysis
Comparison 7: Dietary interventions versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 7: Diastolic blood pressure
7.8
7.8. Analysis
Comparison 7: Dietary interventions versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 8: Body weight
7.9
7.9. Analysis
Comparison 7: Dietary interventions versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 9: BMI
7.10
7.10. Analysis
Comparison 7: Dietary interventions versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 10: Waist circumference
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: Other therapies versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 1: Kidney failure
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8: Other therapies versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 2: Proteinuria
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8: Other therapies versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 3: > 50% decrease in proteinuria
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8: Other therapies versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 4: Proteinuria (UPCR)
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8: Other therapies versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 6: Albuminuria
8.7
8.7. Analysis
Comparison 8: Other therapies versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 7: Remission of haematuria
8.8
8.8. Analysis
Comparison 8: Other therapies versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 8: Serum creatinine
8.9
8.9. Analysis
Comparison 8: Other therapies versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 9: > 50% increase in serum creatinine
8.10
8.10. Analysis
Comparison 8: Other therapies versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 10: Creatinine clearance
8.11
8.11. Analysis
Comparison 8: Other therapies versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 11: Annual eGFR loss (mL/min/1.73 m2)
8.12
8.12. Analysis
Comparison 8: Other therapies versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 12: Change in eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
8.13
8.13. Analysis
Comparison 8: Other therapies versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 13: Adverse events
8.14
8.14. Analysis
Comparison 8: Other therapies versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 14: Nausea
8.15
8.15. Analysis
Comparison 8: Other therapies versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 15: Diarrhoea
8.16
8.16. Analysis
Comparison 8: Other therapies versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 16: Dizziness
8.17
8.17. Analysis
Comparison 8: Other therapies versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 17: Hyperkalaemia
8.18
8.18. Analysis
Comparison 8: Other therapies versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 18: Infection
8.19
8.19. Analysis
Comparison 8: Other therapies versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 19: Systolic blood pressure
8.20
8.20. Analysis
Comparison 8: Other therapies versus placebo, no treatment or standard care, Outcome 20: Diastolic blood pressure
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Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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Cheng 1998a {published data only}
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Clarkson 1980 {published data only}
    1. Clarkson AR, Seymour AE, Woodroffe AJ, McKenzie PE, Chan YL, Wootton AM. Controlled trial of phenytoin therapy in IgA nephropathy. Clinical Nephrology 1980;13(5):215-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Costanzi 2006 {published data only}
    1. Costanzi S, Ferraro M, Sturniolo A, Passalacqua S, D'Alonzo S, Tullio T, et al. Combined treatment with renin-angiotensin system blockers and polyunsaturated fatty acids in IgA nephropathy: promising results on proteinuria at six months [abstract no: MO021]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2006;21(Suppl 4):iv295. [CENTRAL: CN-00671823] - PubMed
    1. Ferraro PM, Ferraccioli GF, Gambaro G, Fulignati P, Costanzi S. Combined treatment with renin-angiotensin system blockers and polyunsaturated fatty acids in proteinuric IgA nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2009;24(1):156-60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Donadio 1994 {published data only}
    1. Donadio JV Jr, Bergstralh EJ, Offord KP, Spencer DC, Holley KE. A controlled trial of fish oil in IgA nephropathy. Mayo Nephrology Collaborative Group. New England Journal of Medicine 1994;331(18):1194-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Donadio JV Jr, Grande JP, Bergstralh EJ, Dart RA, Larson TS, Spencer DC. The long-term outcome of patients with IgA nephropathy treated with fish oil in a controlled trial. Mayo Nephrology Collaborative Group. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1999;10(8):1772-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Donadio JV, Bergstralh EJ, Grande JP, Rademcher DM. Proteinuria patterns and their association with subsequent end-stage renal disease in IgA nephropathy. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17(7):1197-203. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Donadio JV, Bergstralh EJ, Offord KP, Holley KE, Spencer DC. Clinical and histopathologic associations with impaired renal function in IgA nephropathy. Mayo Nephrology Collaborative Group. Clinical Nephrology 1994;41(2):65-71. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Donadio 2001 {published data only}
    1. Donadio JV Jr, Larson TS, Bergstralh EJ, Grande JP. A randomized trial of high-dose compared with low-dose omega-3 fatty acids in severe IgA nephropathy. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2001;12(4):791-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Donadio JV, Bergstralh EJ, Bibus DM, Grande JP. Is body size a biomarker for optimizing dosing of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (w-3 PUFA) in the treatment of patients with IgA nephropathy [abstract no: SA-PO471]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2006;17(Abstracts):675A. [CENTRAL: CN-00740498] - PubMed
    1. Donadio JV, Bergstralh EJ, Bibus DM, Grande JP. Is body size a biomarker for optimizing dosing of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of patients with IgA nephropathy? Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2006;1(5):933-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Donadio JV, Bergstralh EJ, Grande JP, Rademcher DM. Proteinuria patterns and their association with subsequent end-stage renal disease in IgA nephropathy. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17(7):1197-203. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Donadio JV, Fervenza FC, Bergstralh EJ, Grande JP. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotype influences renal outcome in high-risk patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) treated with omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) [abstract no: F-FC045]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2004;15(Oct):10A. [CENTRAL: CN-00583668]
Frasca 1997 {published data only}
    1. Frasca GM, Cianciolo G, Sestigiani E, Martello M, Vangelista A, Bonomini V. A clinical trial with defibrotide in IgA nephritis (IgA-GN) with impaired renal function [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1995;10(6):968. [CENTRAL: CN-00261099]
    1. Frasca GM, Martello M, Canova C, Isola E, Vangelista A, Bonomini V. Defibrotide treatment and disease progression in patients with IgA nephropathy and impaired renal function at diagnosis. Clinical Drug Investigation 1997;13(4):185-91. [EMBASE: 27192802]
    1. Frasca GM, Martello M, Sestigiani E, Canova C, Vangelista A, Bonomini V. Effects of defibrotide treatment in patients with IgA nephropathy and reduced renal function. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1996;11(2):392-3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Guan 2005 {published data only}
    1. Guan XD, Wu YF, Zhao W. Clinical observation on treatment of IgA nephropathy with Huobahuagen Tablets and irbesartan. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao [Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine] 2005;3(5):366-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Guo 2010 {published data only}
    1. Guo DZ, Dong BA, Wang YH. Effect of treatment of non-nephrotic syndrome IgA nephropathy with Shenyanning. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi Jiehe Zazhi [Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional & Western Medicine] 2010;30(8):841-4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hashizume 1998 {published data only}
    1. Hashizume K, Sano T, Kokubo T, Hiki Y, Kamata K, Tateno S, et al. A randomized, prospective, controlled study of effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on proteinuria and renal function in IGA nephropathy [abstract no: A0765]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1998;9(Program & Abstracts):149A. [CENTRAL: CN-00445660]
HKVIN 2006 {published data only}
    1. Li PK, Leung CB, Chow KM, Cheng YL, Fung SK, Mak SK, et al. Hong Kong study using valsartan in IgA nephropathy (HKVIN): a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2006;47(5):751-60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Li PKT, Leung CB, Chow KM, Cheng YL, Fung SK, Mak SK, et al. Hong Kong study using Valsartan in IgA nephropathy (HKVIN) - a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study [abstract no: SA-PO238]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2004;15(Oct):352A. [CENTRAL: CN-00583348] - PubMed
Horita 2004 {published data only}
    1. Horita Y, Tadokoro M, Taura K, Suyama N, Taguchi T, Miyazaki M, et al. Low-dose combination therapy with temocapril and losartan reduces proteinuria in normotensive patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Hypertension Research - Clinical & Experimental 2004;27(12):963-70. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Horita Y, Tadokoro M, Taura K, Taguchi T, Miyazaki M, Kohno S. Aldosterone breakthrough during combined angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor blocker in patients with IgA nephropathy [abstract no: M-P020083]. Nephrology 2005;10(Suppl):A37. [CENTRAL: CN-00740497]
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Horita 2007 {published data only}
    1. Horita Y, Tadokoro M, Taura K, Ashida R, Hiu M, Taguchi T, et al. Prednisolone co-administered with losartan confers renoprotection in patients with IgA nephropathy. Renal Failure 2007;29(4):441-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Hotta 1993 {published data only}
    1. Hotta O, Taguma Y, Kurosawa K, Sudo K, Suzuki K, Horigome I. Early intensive therapy for clinical remission of active IgA nephropathy: a three-year follow-up study. Japanese Journal of Nephrology 1993;35(8):967-73. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Houssin 1984 {published data only}
    1. Houssin A, Denis J, Spiesser R. Phenytoin in treatment of Berger's Disease [Phenytoine dans le traitement de la maladie de Berger]. Ouest Medical 1984;37(4):211-5. [EMBASE: 14143723]
IgACE 2001 {published data only}
    1. Amore A, Peruzzi L, Balegno S, Bertola L, Magnetti F, Camilla R, et al. Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and degalactosylated IgA1 in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgA N): a prospective double blind randomized placebo controlled trial with ACE inhibitors [abstract no: COD. OP 48]. Pediatric Nephrology 2006;21(10):1518. [CENTRAL: CN-00601964]
    1. Coppo R, Chiesa M, Peruzzi L, Amore A. Treatment of IgA nephropathy with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: design of a prospective randomized multicenter trial. Journal of Nephrology 2001;14(6):447-52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Coppo R, Peruzzi L, Amore A, Piccoli A, Cochat P, Stone R, et al. IgACE: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in children and young people with IgA nephropathy and moderate proteinuria. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007;18(6):1880-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
JLIGHT 2003 {published data only}
    1. Iino Y, Hayashi M, Kawamura T, Shiigai T, Tomino Y, Yamada K, et al. Interim evidence of the renoprotective effect of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan versus the calcium channel blocker amlodipine in patients with chronic kidney disease and hypertension: a report of the Japanese Losartan Therapy Intended for Global Renal Protection in Hypertensive Patients (JLIGHT) Study. Clinical & Experimental Nephrology 2003;7(3):221-30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Iino Y, Hayashi M, Kawamura T, Shiigai T, Tomino Y, Yamada K, et al. Renoprotective effect of losartan in comparison to amlodipine in patients with chronic kidney disease and hypertension--a report of the Japanese Losartan Therapy Intended for the Global Renal Protection in Hypertensive Patients (JLIGHT) study. Hypertension Research - Clinical & Experimental 2004;27(1):21-30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Kawamura T, Iino Y, Kawaguchi Y. Renoprotective effect of losartan in comparison to amlodipine in hypertensive patients with advanced IgA nephropathy [abstract no: SU-PO988]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2003;14(Nov):753A. [CENTRAL: CN-00550571]
Jo 2016 {published data only}
    1. Jo YI, Na HY, Moon JY, Han SW, Yang DH, Lee SH, et al. Effect of low-dose valsartan on proteinuria in normotensive immunoglobulin A nephropathy with minimal proteinuria: a randomized trial. Korean Journal of Internal Medicine 2016;31(2):335-43. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Kanno 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kanno Y, Okada H, Inoue T, Kobayashi T, Watanabe Y, Nakazata Y, et al. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) predicts renal protective effects of ACE inhibitor in IgA nephropathy [abstract no: A0389]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2001;12(Program & Abstracts):74A. [CENTRAL: CN-00445999]
    1. Kanno Y, Okada H, Yamaji Y, Nakazato Y, Suzuki H. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors slow renal decline in IgA nephropathy, independent of tubulointerstitial fibrosis at presentation. Qjm 2005;98(3):199-203. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kano 2003 {published data only}
    1. Kano K, Nishikura K, Yamada Y, Arisaka O. Effect of fluvastatin and dipyridamole on proteinuria and renal function in childhood IGA nephropathy with mild histological findings and moderate proteinuria [abstract no: T756]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(Suppl 4):524-5. - PubMed
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Kawasaki 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kawasaki Y, Takano K, Suyama K, Isome M, Suzuki H, Sakuma H, et al. Efficacy of tonsillectomy pulse therapy versus multiple-drug therapy for IgA nephropathy. Pediatric Nephrology 2006;21(11):1701-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kittiskulnam 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kittiskulnam P, Kanjanabuch T, Chancharoenthana W, Praditpornsilpa K, Eiam-ong S, Tungsanga K. The beneficial effects of body weight reduction in overweight patients with proteinuric immunoglobulin A nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial [abstract no: FR-PO787]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2013;24(Abstracts):544A. [CENTRAL: CN-01657790] - PubMed
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Lee 1997 {published data only}
    1. Lee G, Choong HL, Chian GSC, Woo KT. Stabilisation of elevated serum creatinine (CR) in dipyridamole (DYP) and warfarin (WAR) treated patients with IgA nephropathy (IGAN): a three year controlled trial [abstract]. In: 9th Asian Colloquium in Nephrology; 1992 May 17-21; Seoul, Korea. 1992:106. [CENTRAL: CN-00461145]
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Li 2006 {published data only}
    1. Li SM, Yan JX, Yang L. Effects of Astragalus injection on renal tubular function in patients with IgA nephropathy. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi Jiehe Zazhi [Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional & Western Medicine] 2006;26(6):504-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Li 2008e {published data only}
    1. Li KL, He YN, Zuo HW, Wang HM, Ding HL, Yang JR. Efficacy of hirudin in treating immunoglobulin A nephropathy with hematuria: a randomized controlled trial. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao [Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine] 2008;6(3):253-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Li 2013d {published data only}
    1. Li LT, Shi MY, Wei SY, Li T, Li B. Huai Qi Huang ameliorates proteinuria and hematuria in mild IgA nephropathy patients: a prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 2013;112(12):766-72. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Li 2013e {published data only}
    1. Li PK, Kwan BC, Chow KM, Leung CB, Szeto CC. Treatment of early immunoglobulin A nephropathy by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. American Journal of Medicine 2013;126(2):162-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Liu 2007 {published data only}
    1. Liu X, Wang H, Chen W, Li H, Xu G, Liu H, et al. Comparison of therapeutic effect of higher-dose valsartan combined with higher dose of lotensin for IgA nephropathy. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Medical Sciences) 2007;28(4):437-9, 45. [EMBASE: 2007459059]
Liu 2012 {published data only}
    1. Liu L, Lv J, Shi S, Chen Y, Zhang H. Oral calcitriol for reduction of proteinuria in patients with igA nephropathy: a randomized, controlled trial [abstract no: TH-OR049]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2011;22(Abstract Suppl):12A. - PubMed
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Liu 2016e {published data only}
    1. Liu Z, Pan J, Sun C, Zhou J, Li NA. Clinical effects of perazine ferulate tablets combined with eucalyptol limonene pinene enteric soft capsules for treatment of children with IgA nephropathy. Experimental & Therapeutic Medicine 2016;12(1):169-72. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Liu 2019 {published data only}
    1. Liu LJ, Yang YZ, Shi SF, Bao YF, Yang C, Zhu SN, et al. Effects of hydroxychloroquine on proteinuria in IgA nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2019;74(1):15-22. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lv 2009a {published data only}
    1. Lv J, Qin S, Li Y, Zhang H, Liu L, Shi S, et al. Change of proteinuria after adding spironolactone ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blockers in IGA nephropathy, a pilot study [abstract no: SA309]. NDT Plus 2009;2(Suppl 2):ii1029. [CENTRAL: CN-01657692]
Maschio 1994 {published data only}
    1. Maschio G, Cagnoli L, Claroni F, Fusaroli M, Rugiu C, Sanna G, et al. ACE inhibition reduces proteinuria in normotensive patients with IgA nephropathy: a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1994;9(3):265-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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NA IgAN 1995 {published data only}
    1. Hogg R, Fitzgibbons L, Lee JD, Julian BA, Holub BJ. Omega-3 fatty acids (O3FA) for patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN): Efficacy is dose-dependent. Report from the North American (NA) IgAN trial [abstract no: SA-PO171]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2004;15(Oct):337A. [CENTRAL: CN-00676029]
    1. Hogg RJ, Fitzgibbons L, Atkins C, Nardelli N, Bay RC, North American IgA Nephropathy Study Group. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in children and adults with IgA nephropathy is dosage- and size-dependent. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2006;1(6):1167-72. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Hogg RJ, Lee J, Nardelli NA, Cattran D, Hirschman G, Julian BA. Multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of alternate-day prednisone (QOD-PRED) or daily omega-3 fatty acids (OM-3 FA) in children and young adults with IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Report from the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group [abstract no: SU-PO979]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2003;14(Nov):751A. [CENTRAL: CN-00583125]
Nakamura 2000 {published data only}
    1. Nakamura T, Ushiyama C, Suzuki S, Hara M, Shimada N, Sekizuka K, et al. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin II receptor antagonist and calcium antagonist on urinary podocytes in patients with IgA nephropathy. American Journal of Nephrology 2000;20(5):373-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Nakamura 2007 {published data only}
    1. Nakamura T, Inoue T, Sugaya T, Kawagoe Y, Suzuki T, Ueda Y, et al. Beneficial effects of olmesartan and temocapril on urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein levels in normotensive patients with immunoglobin A nephropathy. American Journal of Hypertension 2007;20(11):1195-201. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Nakao 2001 {published data only}
    1. Nakao N, Takada M, Yoshimura A, Ideura T. Antiproteinuric effect on the combination therapy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker is synergetic in IgA nephropathy [abstract no: A2523]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2001;12(Program & Abstracts):488A. [CENTRAL: CN-00740474]
Panichi 2000 {published data only}
    1. Panichi V, Migliori M, Taccola D, Ghiadoni L, Virdis A, Giovannini L, et al. Different antiproteinuric mechanisms of converting enzyme inhibitor and losartan in hypertensive patients with IgA nephropathy [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2000;15(9):A94. [CENTRAL: CN-00461463]
Park 2003 {published data only}
    1. Park HC, Choi SR, Goo YS, Xu ZG, Choi HY, Kang SW, et al. Effects of losartan and amlodipine on proteinuria and urinary tgf-b1 excretion in patients with IgA nephropathy [abstract no: O148]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17(Suppl 1):44. [CENTRAL: CN-00520372] - PubMed
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Perico 1998 {published data only}
    1. Perico N, Remuzzi A, Sangalli F, Azzollini N, Mister M, Ruggenenti P, et al. The antiproteinuric effect of angiotensin antagonism in human IgA nephropathy is potentiated by indomethacin. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1998;9(12):2308-17. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Pettersson 1994 {published data only}
    1. Pettersson EE, Rekola S, Berglund L, Sundqvist KG, Angelin B, Diczfalusy U, et al. Treatment of IgA nephropathy with omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids: a prospective, double-blind, randomized study. Clinical Nephrology 1994;41(4):183-90. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Praga 2003 {published data only}
    1. Praga M, Gutiérrez E, González E, Morales E, Hernández E. Treatment of IgA nephropathy with ACE inhibitors: a randomized and controlled trial. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2003;14(6):1578-83. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Qian 1987 {published data only}
    1. Qian JQ, He Y, Hu P, Zhang Q. Treatment of IgA nephropathy with Tripterygium Wilfordii glycoside [abstract]. In: 10th International Congress of Nephrology; 1987 Jul 26-31; London, UK. 1987:87. [CENTRAL: CN-00740469]
Roccatello 2000 {published data only}
    1. Roccatello D, Mengozzi G, Gigliola G, Cesano G, Mosso R, Cacace G, et al. Effects of short-term administration of an angiotensin receptor antagonist, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and a nitric oxide donor on renal hemodynamics, proteinuria and nitric oxide levels [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1997;12(9):A52. [CENTRAL: CN-00520381]
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Ross 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ross NT, Norella Kong CT, Fauzi AR, Phang KS, Wan M, Marlyn M, et al. The effect of fish oil on serum interleukin levels in IgA nephropathy [abstract no: PS2-12]. Nephrology 2003;8(Suppl 1):A36. [CENTRAL: CN-01657798]
Russo 2001 {published data only}
    1. Russo D, Minutolo R, Pisani A, Esposito R, Signoriello G, Andreucci M, et al. Coadministration of losartan and enalapril exerts additive antiproteinuric effect in IgA nephropathy. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2001;38(1):18-25. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sato 1990 {published data only}
    1. Sato M, Takayama K, Kojima H, Koshikawa S. Sodium cromoglycate therapy in IgA nephropathy: a preliminary short-term trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1990;15(2):141-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shi 2002 {published data only}
    1. Shi X, Chen X, Liu S, Zhuang Y, Zhang Y. The effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on IgA nephropathy and the influencing factors. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi [Chinese Journal of Internal Medicine] 2002;41(6):399-403. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Shi Y, Chen W, Jalal D, Li Z, Chen W, Mao H, et al. Clinical outcome of hyperuricemia in IgA nephropathy: a retrospective cohort study and randomized controlled trial. Kidney & Blood Pressure Research 2012;35(3):153-60. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Shima 2018 {published data only}
    1. Shima Y, Nakanishi K, Kaku Y, Ishikura K, Hataya H, Matsuyama T, et al. Combination therapy with or without warfarin and dipyridamole for severe childhood IgA nephropathy: an RCT. Pediatric Nephrology 2018;33(11):2103-12. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shima 2019 {published data only}
    1. Shima Y, Nakanishi K, Sako M, Saito-Oba M, Hamasaki Y, Hataya H, et al. Lisinopril versus lisinopril and losartan for mild childhood IgA nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial (JSKDC01 study). Pediatric Nephrology 2019;34(5):837-46. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shimizu 2008 {published data only}
    1. Shimizu A, Takei T, Uchida K, Tsuchiya K, Nitta K. Low-dose losartan therapy reduces proteinuria in normotensive patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Hypertension Research - Clinical & Experimental 2008;31(9):1711-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Song 2003 {published data only}
    1. Song JH, Lee SW, Suh JH, Kim ES, Hong SB, Kim KA, et al. The effects of dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system on urinary protein and transforming growth factor-beta excretion in 2 groups of patients with IgA and diabetic nephropathy. Clinical Nephrology 2003;60(5):318-26. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Szeto 2013 {published data only}
    1. Szeto CC, Kwan BC, Chow KM, Leung CB, Li PK. The safety and short-term efficacy of aliskiren in the treatment of immunoglobulin a nephropathy--a randomized cross-over study. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource] 2013;8(5):e62736. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Tesar 1999 {published data only}
    1. Tesar V, Monhart V, Rysava R, Zima T, Mestek O. Losartan and enalapril in IgA nephropathy [abstract no: A1879]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1999;10(Program & Abstracts):372-3A. [CENTRAL: CN-00583256]
    1. Tesar V, Monhart V, Rysavs R, Zima T, Mestek O, Merta M, et al. Losartan and enalapril in IgA nephropathy [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1999;14(9):A64. [CENTRAL: CN-00486135]
Wei 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wei M, Xiong P, Zhang L. Effect of Chinese herbs on immunoglobulin A nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2013;33(1):65-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Woo 2000 {published data only}
    1. Woo KT, Lau YK, Wong KS, Chiang GS. ACEI/ATRA therapy decreases proteinuria by improving glomerular permselectivity in IgA nephritis. Kidney international 2000;58(6):2485-91. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Woo 2008 {published data only}
    1. Woo KT, Chan CM, Fook-Chong S, Tan HK, Zhao Y, Chiang GS, et al. High dose ARB and ACE gene polymorphism in IgA nephritis [abstract no: 025]. Nephrology 2008;13(Suppl 1):A21. [CENTRAL: CN-00690457]
    1. Woo KT, Chan CM, Tan HK, Choong HL, Foo M, Vathsala A, et al. Beneficial effects of high-dose losartan in IgA nephritis. Clinical Nephrology 2009;71(6):617-24. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Woo KT, Chan CM, Wong KS. Telmisartan is more effective than losartan in reducing proteinuria. Kidney International 2009;75(1):119-20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wu 2003 {published data only}
    1. Wu X, Li J, Liu B. Clinical study on dan shao tang in treating IgA nephropathy of deficiency of yin with damp-heat symptom. Zhong Yao Cai [Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials] 2003;26(11):844-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Chen XM, Wu J, Duan S, Zheng Y. Efficacy and safety of telmisartan, clopidogrelin and leflunomide in patients with IgA nephropathy - a multicentre, prospective, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy controlled clinical trial [abstract no: SA-PO848]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2013;24(Abstracts):821A. [CENTRAL: CN-01658021]
    1. Duan S, Cai G, Chen X. Using the Oxford classification in assessing the therapeutic effects in IgA nephropathy: a secondary analysis from a randomized clinical trial [abstract no: TH-PO1036]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2018;29(Abstract Suppl):389. [EMBASE: 633735643]
    1. Wu J, Duan S, Li W, Wang Y, Liu W, Zhang J, et al. Efficacy and safety of telmisartan, clopidogrelin, and leflunomide in patients with IgA nephropathy - A multicentre, prospective, randomized, double-blind and-dummy controlled clinical trial [abstract no: SP307]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2013;28(Suppl 1):i175. [EMBASE: 71075507]
    1. Wu J, Duan SW, Sun XF, Li WG, Wang YP, Liu WH, et al. Efficacy of leflunomide, telmisartan, and clopidogrel for immunoglobulin A nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Chinese Medical Journal 2016;129(16):1894-903. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Xiaowei 2020 {published data only}
    1. Xiaowei L, Bo W, Li L, Peng Z. Comparison of the effects of valsartan plus activated vitamin D versus valsartan alone in IgA nephropathy with moderate proteinuria. International Urology & Nephrology 2020;52(1):129-36. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Yang 2016 {published data only}
    1. Yang D, He L, Peng X, Liu H, Peng Y, Yuan S, et al. The efficacy of tonsillectomy on clinical remission and relapse in patients with IgA nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Renal Failure 2016;38(2):242-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ye 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ye Z, Zhang L, Xu L, Shi W, Hu H, Shi X, et al. Probucol combined with valsartan in immunoglobulin A nephropathy: a multi-centre, open labelled, randomized controlled study. Nephrology 2014;19(1):40-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Yoshikawa 1997 {published data only}
    1. Yoshikawa N, Ito H, Sakai T, Takekoshi Y, Honda M, Awazu M, et al. A prospective controlled study of sairei-to in childhood IgA nephropathy with focal/minimal mesangial proliferation. Japanese Pediatric IgA Nephropathy Treatment Study Group. Nippon Jinzo Gakkiai Shi [Japanese Journal of Nephrology] 1997;39(5):503-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Zhou 2011 {published data only}
    1. Zhou N, Shi X, Shen Y. The short-term therapeutic effects of TCM for IgA nephropathy in children. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2011;31(2):115-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

2nd NA IgAN 2004 {published data only}62574616
    1. Hogg R, Bay C. Reduction of proteinuria observed in response to high dose ACE inhibition and Omega-3 fatty acids in pts with IgA nephropathy. Report from the second North American IgA nephropathy trial [abstract no: SA-FC059]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007;18(Abstracts):48A. [CENTRAL: CN-00740507]
    1. Hogg RJ, Bay C. Dose-dependency of the effect of Omega-3 fatty acids (O3FA) on proteinuria in patients with IgA nephropathy: report from the 2nd North American IgA nephropathy trial [abstract no: F-PO860]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2005;16:523-4A. [CENTRAL: CN-00615826]
    1. Hogg RJ, Fitzgibbons L, Atkins C, Nardelli N, Bay RC, North American IgA Nephropathy Study Group. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in children and adults with IgA nephropathy is dosage- and size-dependent. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2006;1(6):1167-72. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Hogg RJ, Wyatt RJ, Scientific Planning Committee of the North American IgA Nephropathy Study. A randomized controlled trial of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with IgA nephropathy [ISRCTN62574616]. BMC Nephrology 2004;5:3. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hogg RJ. Preliminary report from the second North American IgA nephropathy (IgAN) trial [abstract no: F-PO1098]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2006;17(Abstracts):567-8A. [CENTRAL: CN-00615827]
Campbell 2003 {published data only}
    1. Campbell R, Sangalli F, Perticucci E, Aros C, Viscarra C, Perna A, et al. Effects of combined ACE inhibitor and angiotensin II antagonist treatment in human chronic nephropathies. Kidney International 2003;63(3):1094-103. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Perticucci E, Campbell R, Perna A, Ferrari S, Cattaneo D, Ruggenenti P, et al. ACE inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin II antagonists (ATA) or their combination: how to best renoprotect patients with non diabetic chronic nephropathies? [abstract no: A0432]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2001;12(Program & Abstracts):82A. [CENTRAL: CN-00447182]
ChiCTR2000039644 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000039644. A multi-center, randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical study on the treatment of Chronic kidney disease with Kidney-Yang deficiency syndrome by Wenshenyang prescription. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR2000039644 (date registered: 4 November 2020).
Dal Canton 2005 {published data only}
    1. Dal Canton A, Amore A, Barbano G, Coppo R, Emma F, Grandaliano G, et al. One-year angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition plus mycophenolate mofetil immunosuppression in the course of early IgA nephropathy: a multicenter, randomised, controlled study. Journal of Nephrology 2005;18(2):136-40. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Deteix 1984 {published data only}
    1. Deteix P, Colon S, Leitienne P, Cochat P, Laville M, Zech P, et al. Prospective controlled therapeutic trial with diaminodiphenylsulfone-dapsone (DDS) in primitive IGA nephropathy (IgAN) [abstract]. Kidney International 1984;26(4):493. [CENTRAL: CN-00677749]
EUCTR2015‐003884‐12‐IT {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2015-003884-12-IT. A pilot, prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded endpoint (PROBE) histopathology trial to assess the effects of ACE- inhibition therapy in preventing the evolution of proliferative lesions assessed by renal biopsy in patients with extracapillary glomerulonephritis [A pilot, prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded endpoint (PROBE) histopathology trial to assess the effects of ACE- inhibition therapy on glomerular proliferative lesions in patients with extracapillary glomerulonephritis - ACE-inhibitors in extracapillary glomerulonephritis]. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2015-003884-12-IT (date registered: 28 January 2021).
EUCTR2020‐005054‐19‐DE {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2020-005054-19-DE. A clinical study to assess efficacy and safety of the human Anti-CD38 Antibody Felzartamab in IgA Nephropathy. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2020-005054-19-DE (date registered: 1 April 2021). [MEDLINE: ]
EudraCT2006‐005298‐23 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2006-005298-23. Efficiency of L-carnitine-containing peritoneal dialysis solutions for diurnal exchanges in CAPD patients with ESRD on glucose and lipid metabolisms. Randomized, parallel study compared versus a standard glucose solution 1.5 or 2.5. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=eudract_number:200... (start date: 3 December 2007).
Ferrari 2002 {published data only}
    1. Ferrari P, Marti HP, Pfister M, Frey FJ. Additive antiproteinuric effect of combined ACE inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockade. Journal of Hypertension 2002;20(1):125-30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Marti HP, Pfister M, Frey FJ, Ferrari P. Additive antiproteinuric effect of combined ace-inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockade [abstract no: A0491]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2000;11(Sept):90-1A. [CENTRAL: CN-00867534] - PubMed
Fuiano 2004 {published data only}
    1. Fuiano G, Mancuso D, Cianfrone P, Comi N, Mazza G, Marino F, et al. Can young adult patients with proteinuric IgA nephropathy perform physical exercise? American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2004;44(2):257-63. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Mancuso D, Cianfrone P, Mazza G, Vecchi ML, Comi N, Caglioti A, et al. Post-exercise proteinuria in patients (pts) with IgA nephropathy in baseline conditions and after treatment with ramipril (r) [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17(Suppl 1):209-10. [CENTRAL: CN-00583600]
Ihm 1999 {published data only}
    1. Ihm CG, Lee TW, Kim MJ, Cho BS. Comparison of immunosuppressive therapy (IST), ace inhibitor (ACEi), and AT1 receptor antagonist (AIIA) in the treatment of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) [abstract no: A0535]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1999;10(Program & Abstracts):104A. [CENTRAL: CN-00671813]
Iseri 2018 {published data only}
    1. Iseri K, Iyoda M, Watanabe M, Matsumoto K, Sanada D, Inoue T, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of denosumab and alendronate in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis [abstract no: SP365]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2017;32(Suppl 3):iii235. [EMBASE: 617290516]
    1. Iseri K, Iyoda M, Watanabe M, Matsumoto K, Sanada D, Inoue T, et al. The effects of denosumab and alendronate on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in patients with glomerular disease: A randomized, controlled trial. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource] 2018;13(3):e0193846. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Kamei 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kamei K, Iijima K, Honda M, Nakanishi K, Yoshikawa N. Long term prognosis of severe childhood IgA nephropathy showing diffuse mesangial proliferation [abstract no: TH-PO983]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2008;19(Abstracts Issue):332A. [CENTRAL: CN-00740502]
Kanjanabuch 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kanjanabuch T, Sukhato W, Prakash S, Avihingsanon Y, Tungsanga K, Eiam-Ong S. Effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-g) on inflammatory markers and renal outcome in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) [abstract no: SA-FC058]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007;18(Abstracts):47A. [CENTRAL: CN-00740505]
Kanno 2003 {published data only}
    1. Kanno Y, Witt M, Okada H, Nemoto H, Sugahara S, Nakamoto H, et al. A comparison of corticosteroid and warfarin therapy in IgA nephropathy with crescent formation: preliminary trial. Clinical & Experimental Nephrology 2003;7(1):48-51. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kanno 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kanno Y, Takenaka T, Nakamura T, Suzuki H. Add-on angiotensin receptor blocker in patients who have proteinuric chronic kidney diseases and are treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2006;1(4):730-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kerst 2003 {published data only}
    1. Kerst AJ. Combination treatment of angiotensin II receptor antagonist and ACE inhibitor protects against renal insufficient in non-diabetic kidney disease [Combinatie angiotensine II-receptorantagonist en ACE-remmer beschermt tegen nierfunctieverlies bij niet-diabetische nierziekt]. Geneesmiddelenbulletin 2003;37(9):111-2. [EMBASE: 37295217]
Kim 2005a {published data only}
    1. Kim YK, Lee SH, Lee TW, Kim MJ, Yang MH, Ihm CG. Renoprotective effect of the combined use of steroid and angiotensin II receptor blocker in IgA Nephropathy. Korean Journal of Nephrology 2005;24(1):71-9. [CENTRAL: CN-01045483]
    1. Lee SH, Shim JJ, Lee SH, Lee TW, Kim MJ, Yang MH. Effect of combined treatment of steroid and angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) in proteinuric IgA nephropathy. Korean Journal of Nephrology 2003;22(5):539-45. [CENTRAL: CN-01045911]
Konishi 2001 {published data only}
    1. Konishi Y, Imanishi M, Morikawa T, Teramoto K, Okada N, Okumura M, et al. Relationship of impairment of the renin-angiotensin system and sodium sensitivity of blood pressure in immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy [abstract no: FC2-04]. Nephrology 2003;8(Suppl 1):A16. [CENTRAL: CN-01657789]
    1. Konishi Y, Morikawa T, Yasu T, Teramoto K, Okada N, Yoshioka K, et al. Blunted response of the renin-angiotensin system and nitric oxide synthesis related to sodium sensitivity in immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Hypertension Research - Clinical & Experimental 2004;27(1):7-13. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Konishi Y, Nishiyama A, Morikawa T, Kitabayashi C, Shibata M, Hamada M, et al. Relationship between urinary angiotensinogen and salt sensitivity of blood pressure in patients with IgA nephropathy. Hypertension 2011;58(2):205-11. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Konishi Y, Okada N, Okamura M, Morikawa T, Okumura M, Yoshioka K, et al. Sodium sensitivity of blood pressure appearing before hypertension and related to histological damage in immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Hypertension 2001;38(1):81-5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Laurent 1987 {published data only}
    1. Laurent J, Belghiti D, Bruneau C, Lagrue G. Diclofenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, decreases proteinuria in some glomerular diseases: a controlled study. American Journal of Nephrology 1987;7(3):198-202. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lee 2003 {published data only}
    1. Kim YK, Lee SH, Lee TW, Kim MJ, Yang MH, Ihm CG. Renoprotective effect of the combined use of steroid and angiotensin II receptor blocker in IgA Nephropathy. Korean Journal of Nephrology 2005;24(1):71-9. [CENTRAL: CN-01045483]
    1. Lee SH, Shim JJ, Lee SH, Lee TW, Kim MJ, Yang MH. Effect of combined treatment of steroid and angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) in proteinuric IgA nephropathy. Korean Journal of Nephrology 2003;22(5):539-45. [CENTRAL: CN-01045911]
Li 2022 {published data only}
    1. Li S, Li H, Wang J, Yin L. Impact of high-flux hemodialysis on chronic inflammation, antioxidant capacity, body temperature, and immune function in patients with chronic renal failure. Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2022;2022:7375006. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Lv 2009 {published data only}
    1. Lv J, Zhang H, Chen Y, Li G, Jiang L, Singh AK, et al. Combination therapy of prednisone and ACE inhibitor versus ACE-inhibitor therapy alone in patients with IgA nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2009;53(1):26-32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Lv J, Zhang H, Chen Y, Li G, Wang H. Addition of steroids to ACE inhibitors is more preferred to patients with IgA nephropathy: a prospective randomized controlled trial [abstract no: SA-FC105]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007;18(Abstracts):57A. [CENTRAL: CN-00740506]
Manno 2001 {published data only}
    1. Manno C, Gesualdo L, D'Altri C, Rossini M, Grandaliano G, Schena FP. Prospective randomized controlled multicenter trial on steroids plus ramipril in proteinuric IgA nephropathy. Journal of Nephrology 2001;14(4):248-52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Manno C, Torres DD, Pesce F, Rossini M, Schena FP. Long-term prospective randomized controlled multicentre trial on steroids plus ramipril in proteinuric IgA nephropathy [abstract no: LB-001]. In: American Society of Nephrology (ASN) Renal Week; 2008 Nov 4-9; Philadelphia (PA). 2008. [CENTRAL: CN-00740468]
    1. Manno C, Torres DD, Rossini M, Pesce F, Schena FP. Randomized controlled clinical trial of corticosteroids plus ACE-inhibitors with long-term follow-up in proteinuric IgA nephropathy. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2009;24(12):3694-701. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Torres D, Rossini M, Manno C, Gesualdo L, Grandaliano G, Schena FP, et al. Steroids plus ramipril versus ramipril alone in the treatment of IgA nephropathy: interim analysis of a prospective, controlled, randomized, multicenter trial [abstract no: MO27]. In: 41st Congress. European Renal Association. European Dialysis and Transplantation Association; 2004 May 15-18; Lisbon, Portugal. 2004:222-3. [CENTRAL: CN-00636151]
Mao 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mao LM, Cheng XX, Xu YY. Effect of Yishen Tiaojing Recipe on hypogonadism induced by Tripterygium glycosides in women patients with nephropathy. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi [Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional & Western Medicine] 2008;28(1):70-2. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Michail 2000 {published data only}
    1. Michail S, Konstadinidou I, Chelioti H, Darema M, Marinaki S, Hiras T, et al. Comparative study of the effects of lisinopril and losartan or their combination in patients with primary glomerulonephritis [abstract]. In: 37th Congress. European Renal Association. European Dialysis and Transplantation Association; 2000 Sept 17-20; Nice, France. 2000:127. [CENTRAL: CN-00461312]
Mimura 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mimura T, Takenaka T, Kanno Y, Moriwaki K, Okada H, Suzuki H. Vascular compliance is secured under angiotensin inhibition in non-diabetic chronic kidney diseases. Journal of Human Hypertension 2008;22(1):38-47. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Morales 1997 {published data only}
    1. Morales JV, Vettorazi J, Bandeira J, Fensterseifer D, Thome FS. Effect of enalapril (E) on the proteinuria (pr) of patients with primary glomerulopathies (PG) [abstract no: P227]. Nephrology 1997;3(Suppl 1):S131. [CENTRAL: CN-00461353]
NCT02647255 {published data only}
    1. Zhang H. Trial of plasma exchange for severe crescentic IgA nephropathy (RESCUE) [Randomized trial of plasma exchange as adjunctive therapy for severe crescentic glomerUlonephritis of IgA NEphropathy (RESCUE Study)]. https://clinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02647255 (first received: 6 January 2016).
NCT04525729 {published data only}
    1. NCT04525729. Rituximab and RASi in Patients With IgAN (RITA) [A multicentre, randomized, controlled study of rituximab in treatment of primary IgA nephropathy]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04525729 (date first posted: 25 August 2020).
NCT04805047 {published data only}
    1. NCT04805047. SodiUm Restriction by Behavioral Intevention (SURBI) [Sodium restriction by behavioral intervention: education and monitoring]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04805047 (date first posted: 18 March 2021).
NCT04905212 {published data only}
    1. NCT04905212. A study of telitacicept for injection (RC18) iN subjects with Ig A nephropathy [A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of telitacicept for injection (RC18) With an optional open label extension in subjects with IgA nephropathy]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04905212 (date first posted: 27 May 2021).
NCT05065970 {published data only}
    1. NCT05065970. Clinical trial to assess efficacy and safety of the human anti-cd38 antibody felzartamab (MOR202) in IgA nephropathy (IGNAZ) [A double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase IIa, clinical trial to assess efficacy and safety of the human Anti-CD38 antibody felzartamab in IgA nephropathy]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05065970 (date first posted: 4 October 2023).
ORIGIN 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT04716231. Atacicept in subjects With IgA nephropathy (ORIGIN 3) [A phase 2b/3, multi-part, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of atacicept in subjects with IgA nephropathy (IgAN)]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04716231 (date first posted: 20 January 2021).
PRIUS‐IgA 2014 {published data only}
    1. Inoue K, Hamano T, Nango N, Matsui I, Tomida K, Mikami S, et al. Multidetector-row computed tomography is useful to evaluate the therapeutic effects of bisphosphonates in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Journal of Bone & Mineral Metabolism 2014;32(3):271-80. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schena 2000 {published data only}
    1. Schena FP, Grandaliano G, Manno C, D'Altri C, Pontrelli P, Gesualdo L. Urinary EGF/MCP-1 ratio is a prognostic marker in IgA nephropathy (IgAN). A prospective randomized clinical trial [abstract no: A0414]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2000;11(Sept):76A. [CENTRAL: CN-00671810]
SLCTR/2022/013 {published data only}
    1. SLCTR/2022/013. A phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sibeprenlimab administered subcutaneously in subjects with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=SLCTR/2022/013 (date registered: 22 May 2022).
STOP‐IgAN 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ayoub I, Hebert L, Rovin BH. Intensive supportive care plus immunosuppression in IgA nephropathy. New England Journal of Medicine 2016;374(10):991-2. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Cheung CK, Barratt J. Should we STOP immunosuppression for IgA nephropathy? Long-term outcomes from the STOP-IgAN trial. Kidney international 2020;98(4):836-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Eitner F, Ackermann D, Hilgers RD, Floege J. Supportive versus immunosuppressive therapy of progressive IgA nephropathy (STOP) IgAN trial: rationale and study protocol. Journal of Nephrology 2008;21(3):284-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Floege J, Rauen T, Eitner F, Fitzner C, Hilgers RD. Corticosteroid monotherapy versus combined immunosuppression in IgA nephropathy: insights from the STOP-IgAN trial [abstract no: SA-PO1097]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2015;26(Abstracts):B4-5. [EMBASE: 641104317]
    1. Floege J, Rauen T, Eitner F, Fitzner C, Sommerer C, Zeier M, et al. Supportive versus immunosuppressive therapy for progressive IgA nephropathy (STOP-IGAN): a randomized, controlled, open-label multicenter trial [abstract]. In: 52nd Congress ERA-EDTA; 2015 May 28-31; London, UK. 2015.
Sulimani 2001 {published data only}
    1. Sulimani FM, Alhomssi M, Mitwalli A, al Wakeel J, Alam A, Tarif N, et al. Difficult nephropathies: a multicenter randomized trial on the treatment [abstract]. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation 2001;12(2):229. [CENTRAL: CN-00402775]
Webb 2020 {published data only}
    1. Barratt J, Rovin B, Zhang H, Kashihara N, Maes B, Rizk D, et al. Efficacy and safety of iptacopan in IgA nephropathy: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2 study at 6 months [abstract no: POS-546]. KI Reports 2022;7(2 Suppl):S236. [EMBASE: 2016905434]
    1. Meier M, Barratt J. Interim analysis of a Phase 2 dose ranging study to investigate the efficacy and safety of iptacopan in primary IgA nephropathy. Swiss Medical Weekly 2021;151(Suppl 256):2S. [EMBASE: 636868798]
    1. Webb N, Haraldsson B, Schubart A, Milojevic J, End P, Holbro T, et al. A novel oral complement alternative pathway factor B inhibitor for the treatment of glomerular disease [abstract no: LNP023]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2020;35(Suppl 3):iii142. [EMBASE: 633422416]
Wolf 1995 {published data only}
    1. Wolf SC, Erley CM, Kenner S, Berger ED, Risler T. Does L-arginine alter proteinuria and renal haemodynamics in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and hypertension? [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1994;9(7):932. [CENTRAL: CN-00260999] - PubMed
    1. Wolf SC, Erley CM, Kenner S, Berger ED, Risler T. Does L-arginine alter proteinuria and renal hemodynamics in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and hypertension? Clinical Nephrology 1995;43 Suppl 1:S42-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Yonemura 2000b {published data only}
    1. Yonemura K, Kimura M, Miyaji T, Hishida A. Short-term effect of vitamin K administration on prednisolone-induced loss of bone mineral density in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Calcified Tissue International 2000;66(2):123-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Yoshikawa 1999 {published data only}
    1. Ito H, Yoshikawa N. Prospective multicenter controlled therapeutic trial in IgA nephropathy in Japanese children: a preliminary report [abstract no: S-I-2]. Pediatric Nephrology 1992;6(6):C208. [CENTRAL: CN-01658022]
    1. Kamei K, Nakanishi K, Ito S, Saito M, Sako M, Ishikura K, et al. Long-term results of a randomized controlled trial in childhood IgA nephropathy. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2011;6(6):1301-07. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Yoshikawa N, Ito H, Sakai T, Takekoshi Y, Honda M, Awazu M, et al. A controlled trial of combined therapy for newly diagnosed severe childhood IgA nephropathy. The Japanese Pediatric IgA Nephropathy Treatment Study Group. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1999;10(1):101-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Yoshikawa N, Ito H. Combined therapy with prednisolone, azathioprine, heparin-warfarin, and dipyridamole for paediatric patients with severe IgA nephropathy--is it relevant for adult patients? Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1999;14(5):1097-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Yoshikawa N, Ito H. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs [abstract no: S8.2]. Pediatric Nephrology 2001;16(8):C31. [CENTRAL: CN-00448482]
Yoshikawa 2006 {published data only}
    1. Yoshikawa N, Honda M, Iijima K, Awazu M, Hattori S, Nakanishi K, et al. Steroid treatment for severe childhood IgA nephropathy: a randomized, controlled trial. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2006;1(3):511-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Yoshikawa N, Ito H. Prednisolone therapy versus combined therapy with prednisolone, azathioprine, warfarin and dipyridamole for newly diagnosed severe childhood IgA nephropathy: a controlled trial by the Japanese Pediatric IgA Nephropathy Treatment study group [abstract no: A0430]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2000;11(Sept):79A. [CENTRAL: CN-00550736] - PubMed
    1. Yoshikawa N. Treatment of IGA nephropathy in children [abstract no: FCP04]. Pediatric Nephrology 2004;19(9):C57. [CENTRAL: CN-00583685]
Zhang 2004 {published data only}
    1. Zhang XZ, He Q, Luo TC, Lin ST. Efficacy and safety of leflunomide in the treatment of IgA nephropathy: preliminary results from a randomized, corticosteroid controlled, multi-center clinical trial [abstract no: SA-PO168]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2004;15(Oct):337A. [CENTRAL: CN-00583916]
    1. Zhang XZ, He YC, Luo Q, Yang TC, Li XG, Lin SY. Efficacy and safety of leflunomide in the treatment of IgA nephropathy: a perspective, corticosteroid controlled, multi-center clinical trial [abstract no: F-PO1097]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2006;17(Abstracts):567A. [CENTRAL: CN-00644205]

References to studies awaiting assessment

Koyama 1990 {published data only}
    1. Koyama A, Narita M, Tojo S. Therapeutic effects of dipyridamole on primary glomerulonephritis [abstract]. In: 11th International Congress of Nephrology; 1990 Jul 15-20; Tokyo, Japan. 1990:12. [CENTRAL: CN-00446186]
Lee 2011a {published data only}
    1. Lee YJ, Cho S, Kim SR, Jang HR, Lee JE, Huh W, et al. Effect of losartan on proteinuria and urinary angiotensinogen excretion in non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease. Postgraduate Medical Journal 2011;87(1032):664-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
NCT04287985 {published data only}
    1. NCT04287985. Phase 2 study of VIS649 for IgA nephropathy [A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple dose study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vis649 in participants with immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04287985 (first posted 27 February 2020).
NCT04291781 {published data only}
    1. NCT04291781. A study of RC18 administered subcutaneously to subjects with IgA (Immunoglobulin A) nephropathy [Phase II clinical trial of RC18 (recombinant human B lymphocyte stimulator receptor - antibody fusion protein for injection) in the Tteatment of IgA nephropathy]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04291781 (date first posted: 2 March 2020).
NCT04578834 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2020-001049-38-FI. Study of efficacy and safety of LNP023 in primary IgA nephropathy patients [A multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, phase III study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of LNP023 in primary IgA nephropathy patients]. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2020-001049-38-FI (date registered: 10 December 2020).
    1. NCT04578834. Study of efficacy and safety of LNP023 in primary IgA nephropathy Patients (APPLAUSE-IgAN) [A multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, phase iii study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of LNP023 in primary IgA nephropathy patients]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04578834 (date first posted: 8 October 2020).
NCT05398510 {published data only}
    1. NCT05398510. A study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics of SHR-2010 by intravenously/subcutaneously in healthy subject [Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of a single intravenous/subcutaneous injection of SHR-2010 in healthy subjects: a randomized, double-blind, dose-increasing, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05398510 (date first posted: 1 June 2022).
Yu 2020a {published data only}
    1. Yu Y, Peng J, Zhou L, Chu L, Li J. Short-term and long-term efficacy, safety assessment and independent prognostic risk factors of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of IgA nephropathy. Acta Medica Mediterranea 2020;36(3):1345-50. [EMBASE: 2006060985]

References to ongoing studies

ACEARB 2006 {published data only}
    1. Pozzi C, Del Vecchio L, Casartelli D, Pozzoni P, Andrulli S, Amore A, et al. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers in IgA nephropathy with mild proteinuria: the ACEARB study. Journal of Nephrology 2006;19(4):508-14. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
ALIGN 2021 {published data only}
    1. Heerspink HL, Jardine M, Kohan D, Lafayette R, Levin A, Liew A, et al. A phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of atrasentan in patients with IgA nephropathy (The ALIGN Study) [abstract]. Kidney Diseases 2021;7(SUPPL 1):77. [EMBASE: 637295464]
    1. Heerspink HL, Kohan D, Lafayette R, Levin A, Zhang H, Glicklich A, et al. A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study of atrasentan in patients with IgA nephropathy (the ALIGN study) [abstract no: MO230]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2021;36(SUPPL 1):i194. [EMBASE: 635916871]
    1. Lambers Heerspink H, Jardine M, Kohan D, Lafayette R, Levin A, Liew A, et al. A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of atrasentan in patients with IgA nephropathy (The ALIGN Study) [abstract no: POS-527]. KI Reports 2022;7(2 Suppl):S229-30. [EMBASE: 2016905614]
    1. Lambers Heerspink H, Kohan D, Lafayette R, Levin A, Zhang H, Glicklich A, et al. A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of atrasentan in patients with IgA nephropathy (the ALIGN Study) [abstract no: Pos-380]. KI Reports 2021;6(4 Suppl):S164-5. [EMBASE: 2011683307]
ASSIST 2023 {published data only}
    1. Heerspink HL, Barratt J, Teruel JL, Kotwal S, Lim SK, Noronha IL, Beckett V, Camargo M, Jones-Burton C, King A, et al. ASSIST study design: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of atrasentan in patients with IgA nephropathy (IGAN) on SGLT2I [abstract no: 4341]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2023;38(Suppl 1):i397. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad063c_4341] - DOI
    1. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of atrasentan in subjects with IgA nephropathy (ASSIST) [A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of atrasentan in subjects with IgA nephropathy on sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i)]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05834738 2023.
BEST‐IgAN 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ryu DR. Beginning of Effective and Safe Treatment in Immunoglobulin A-1 Nephropathy-1 (BEST-IgAN-1) [A randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter, phase iii study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of losartan in early immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) patients]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03357653 (date first posted: 30 November 2017).
Chen 2022b {published data only}
    1. Chen Q, Wang Z, Lv J, Liu L, Li H, Sun W, et al. Efficacy and safety of artesunate for patients with IgA nephropathy: a study protocol for a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Trials [Electronic Resource] 2022;23(1):444. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
ChiCTR2000036468 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000036468. A multicentre, randomized, controlled trial of rituximab in treatment of primary IgA nephropathy. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR2000036468 (date registered: 23 August 2020).
ChiCTR2100045306 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2100045306. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of Hydroxychloroquine or new Tripterygium compound in the treatment of IgA nephropathy. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR2100045306 (date registered: 10 April 2021).
ChiCTR2100049833 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2100049833. A single-case randomized controlled study of Huaiqihuang granules in treatment of proteinuria in IgA nephropathy. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR2100049833 (date registered: 10 August 2021).
ChiCTR2200062663 {published data only}
    1. A clinical study of traditional Chinese medicine combined with Western medicine in treatment of primary IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in CKD stage 3. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR2200062663 2022.
ChiCTR2200063885 {published data only}
    1. Clinical study of valsartan combined with Chuanhuang No.1 Prescription in the treatment of CKD3 primary IgA nephropathy (IgAN). https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR2200063885 2022.
ChiCTR2200064055 {published data only}
    1. Prednisone combined with ARB in the treatment of IgAN with crescentic lesions: a perspective, multi-center randomized controlled trial. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR2200064055 2022.
ChiCTR2200065760 {published data only}
    1. A multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled clinical study of Yishenhuashui granule in the treatment of IgAN. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR2200065760 2022.
ChiCTR2200066983 {published data only}
    1. Prospective randomized controlled study of Qufeng Bushen Huoluo recipe in the treatment of hematuria in IgA Nephropathy. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR2200066983 2022.
ChiCTR2300067263 {published data only}
    1. Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in adults with primary IgA nephropathy: a single-center, prospective, open, randomized controlled trial. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR2300067263 2023.
ChiCTR2300070499 {published data only}
    1. Development and application of traditional Chinese medicine tea bag for IgA nephropathy prevention and treatment based on the theory of ''pharyngokidney correlation''. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR2300070499 2023.
ChiCTR2300070929 {published data only}
    1. To explore the mechanism of Jianpi Heluo Formula in treating IgA nephropathy from intestinal microflora -immune system-IgA nephropathy. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR2300070929 2023.
ChiCTR2300073242 {published data only}
    1. Clinical and mechanism study of Xuanfei Jingshui decoction in the treatment of IgA nephropathy based on intestinal flora. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR2300073242 2023.
ChiCTR2300075319 {published data only}
    1. Safety and efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of IgA nephropathy: a randomized controlled clinical trial. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR2300075319 2023.
ChiCTR2300076082 {published data only}
    1. A single-center randomized crossover controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of azisartan in the treatment of proteinuria and renal function in non-dialytic hypertensive patients with IgA nephropathy. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR2300076082 2023.
CLIgAN 2021 {published data only}
    1. Schena FP, Tripepi G, Abbrescia DI, Rossini M, Manno C, Heerspink HJ. Randomized clinical study to evaluate the effect of personalized therapy on patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) [abstract no: PO1634]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2021;32:509-10. [EMBASE: 636328570]
    1. Schena FP, Tripepi G, Rossini M, Abbrescia DI, Manno C. Randomized clinical study to evaluate the effect of personalized therapy on patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Clinical Kidney Journal 2022;15(5):895-902. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
CTRI/2021/02/031480 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2021/02/031480. To know the effect of capsule budesonide on protein leak from kidney and filtration function of the kidney in persons having IgA nephropathy [Targeted-release Budesonide therapy versus conservative management in Immunoglobulin A nephropathy: An open label randomised controlled trial]. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2021/02/031480 (date registered: 23 February 2021).
CTRI/2021/07/034929 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2021/07/034929. A study comparing oral hydroxychloroquine and supportive treatment with supportive treatment alone for management of IgA nephropathy [A prospective multi-centric randomized open label trial to assess efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in reducing proteinuria in moderately severe primary IgA Nephropathy]. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2021/07/034929 (date registered: 1 August 2021).
EUCTR2019‐002531‐29‐GB {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2019-002531-29-GB. A study to look at the effect and how safe drug VIS649 is in patients with kidney disease [A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple dose study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vis649 in participants with immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy]. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2019-002531-29-GB (date registered: 17 December 2019).
IRCT20190415043 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20190415043279N11. Evaluation of the effect of probiotic supplementation on the proteinuria [Evaluation of the effect of probiotic supplementation on the improvement of proteinuria in patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy]. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20190415043279N11 (date registered: 7 March 2022).
ITMCTR2200005824 {published data only}
    1. Influence of IgA Nephropathy? Prescription on serum Gd-IgA1 and BAFF level for patients with IgA nephropathy. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ITMCTR2200005824 2022.
Li 2017 {published data only}
    1. Li P, Chen YZ, Lin HL, Ni ZH, Zhan YL, Wang R, et al. Abelmoschus manihot - a traditional Chinese medicine versus losartan potassium for treating IgA nephropathy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials [Electronic Resource] 2017;18(1):170. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Li P, Lin H, Ni Z, Zhan Y, He Y, Yang H, et al. Efficacy and safety of abelmoschus manihot for IgA nephropathy: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Phytomedicine 2020;76:153231. [PMID: ] - PubMed
NCT02662283 {published data only}
    1. Deng Y. Validity and security of Reh-acteoside therapy for patients of IgA nephropathy [Validity and security of Reh-acteoside therapy for patients of IgA nephropathy —— a prospective, randomized, controlled, multi-center clinical trial]. https://clinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02662283 (first received: 25 January 2016).
NCT02765594 {published data only}
    1. Gao R. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate alleviates persistent proteinuria in IgA nephropathy (HCQIgAN) [Hydroxychloroquine sulfate alleviates persistent proteinuria in IgA nephropathy]. https://clinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02765594 (first received: 6 May 2016).
NCT04573478 {published data only}
    1. NCT04573478. Atrasentan in patients With IgA Nephropathy (ALIGN) [A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of atrasentan in patients with Ig A nephropathy at risk of progressive loss of renal function]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04573478 (date first posted: 5 October 2020).
NCT05016323 {published data only}
    1. NCT05016323. A study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of HR19042 capsules in the treatment of primary IgA nephropathy [A randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled, parallel groups, phase ii clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of HR19042 capsules in the treatment of primary IgA nephropathy]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05016323 (date first posted: 23 August 2021).
NCT05083364 {published data only}
    1. NCT05083364. Study of ARO-C3 in adult healthy volunteers and patients with complement-mediated renal disease [A Phase 1/2a dose-escalating study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and/or pharmacodynamics of ARO-C3 in adult healthy volunteers and in adult patients with complement-mediated renal disease]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05083364 (date first posted: 19 October 2021).
NCT05097989 {published data only}
    1. Bapat A, Garlo K, Rice K, Najafian N. WCN23-0141 A PHASE 2 STUDY EVALUATING THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF ALXN2050, A COMPLEMENT FACTOR D INHIBITOR, IN IMMUNOGLOBULIN A NEPHROPATHY OR PROLIFERATIVE LUPUS NEPHRITIS (LN) [WCN23-0141 A PHASE 2 STUDY EVALUATING THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF ALXN2050, A COMPLEMENT FACTOR D INHIBITOR, IN IMMUNOGLOBULIN A NEPHROPATHY OR PROLIFERATIVE LUPUS NEPHRITIS (LN)]. Kidney international reports 2023;8(3):S55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.02.124] - DOI
    1. NCT05097989. Study of ALXN2050 in proliferative lupus nephritis (LN) and immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) [A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ALXN2050 in adult participants with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN) or immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN)]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05097989 (date first posted: 28 Ocotber 2021). [MEDLINE: ]
NCT05320133 {published data only}
    1. NCT05320133. Jinghua Weikang capsule containing quadruple therapy for IgAN with Helicobacter pylori infection [The effect and safety of Jinghua Weikang capsule containing quadruple therapy for IgAN with Helicobacter pylori infection, a randomized pilot study]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05320133 (date first posted: 11 April 2022). [MEDLINE: ]
NCT05687890 {published data only}
    1. A study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SC0062 in the treatment of chronic kidney disease [A randomized, double blind, placebo parallel controlled, 2 cohorts, multicenter phase II study to investigate the safety and efficacy of SC0062 capsule in patients with chronic kidney disease with albuminuria]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05687890 2023.
NCT05775042 {published data only}
    1. Clinical study of CM338 in the treatment of immunoglobulin A nephropathy [A Phase II clinical study evaluating the efficacy and safety of CM338 Injection in Subjects with immunoglobulin A nephropathy]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05775042 2023.
NCT05797610 {published data only}
    1. A study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of RO7434656 in participants with primary immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy at high risk of progression (IMAGINATION) [A phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of RO7434656, an antisense inhibitor of complement factor B, in patients with primary IgA nephropathy at high risk of progression]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05797610 2023.
NCT05799287 {published data only}
    1. A study of telitacicept in patients with primary IgA nephropathy [A phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of telitacicept in patients with IgA nephropathy]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05799287 2023.
NCT05847920 {published data only}
    1. Efficacy and safety of SHR-2010 injection in the treatment of primary IgA nephropathy [A phase II seamless design, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-exploration study evaluate the efficacy and safety of SHR-2010 injection in patients with primary IgA nephropathy]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05847920 2023.
NCT05852938 {published data only}
    1. A study of BION-1301 in adults With IgA nephropathy [A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of BION-1301 in adults with IgA nephropathy (The BEYOND Study)]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05852938 2023.
NCT06137768 {published data only}
    1. A trial of HRS-5965 tablets in primary IgA nephropathy [A trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of HRS-5965 tablets in primary IgA nephropathy]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06137768 2023.
PROTECT in IgAN 2019 {published data only}
    1. Barratt J, Heerspink HL, Wong M, Komers R, Mercer A, Radhakrishnan J. Superior proteinuria reduction with sparsentan in immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IGAN): a PROTECT study interim analysis [abstract no: 4057]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2023;38(Suppl 1):i23‐4. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad063a_4057] - DOI
    1. Barratt J, Rovin B, Carroll KJ, Coppo R, Diva U, Lafayette R, et al. Protect in immunoglobulin a nephropathy (IgAN): Study design of a phase 3, randomized, double- blind, international, active-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of sparsentan [abstract]. Kidney Diseases 2018;4(3):142. [EMBASE: 624069851]
    1. Barratt J, Rovin B, Diva U, Mercer A, Komers R, PROTECT Study Design Group. Implementing the kidney health initiative surrogate efficacy endpoint in patients with IgA nephropathy (the PROTECT Trial). KI Reports 2019;4(11):1633-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Barratt J, Rovin B, Wong MG, Alpers CE, Bieler S, He P, et al. IgA nephropathy patient baseline characteristics in the sparsentan PROTECT study. KI Reports 2023;8(5):1043-56. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Heerspink HJ, Radhakrishnan J, Alpers CE, Barratt J, Bieler S, Diva U, et al. Sparsentan in patients with IgA nephropathy: a prespecified interim analysis from a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled clinical trial. Lancet 2023;401(10388):1584-94. [DOI: ] - PubMed
SLCTR/2023/021 {published data only}
    1. Atacicept in subjects with IgA Nephropathy: a Phase 2b/3, Multi-part, randomized, double-blinded, placebo- controlled trial [A Phase 2b/3, multi-part, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of atacicept in subjects with IgA nephropathy (IgAN)]. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=SLCTR/2023/021 2023.
TCM‐WINE 2020 {published data only}
    1. Li S, Li JP. Treatment effects of Chinese medicine (Yi-Qi-Qing-Jie herbal compound) combined with immunosuppression therapies in IgA nephropathy patients with high-risk of end-stage renal disease (TCM-WINE): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials [Electronic Resource] 2020;21(1):31. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed

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References to other published versions of this review

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