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Review
. 2024 Jan;25(1):e18.
doi: 10.4142/jvs.23147.

Basic concepts, recent advances, and future perspectives in the diagnosis of bovine mastitis

Samah Attia Algharib #  1   2   3   4 , Ali Sobhy Dawood #  5   6 , Lingli Huang  7 , Aizhen Guo  5 , Gang Zhao  8 , Kaixiang Zhou  3 , Chao Li  3 , Jinhuan Liu  1 , Xin Gao  9 , Wanhe Luo  1   10 , Shuyu Xie  3   11
Affiliations
Review

Basic concepts, recent advances, and future perspectives in the diagnosis of bovine mastitis

Samah Attia Algharib et al. J Vet Sci. 2024 Jan.

Abstract

Mastitis is one of the most widespread infectious diseases that adversely affects the profitability of the dairy industry worldwide. Accurate diagnosis and identification of pathogens early to cull infected animals and minimize the spread of infection in herds is critical for improving treatment effects and dairy farm welfare. The major pathogens causing mastitis and pathogenesis are assessed first. The most recent and advanced strategies for detecting mastitis, including genomics and proteomics approaches, are then evaluated . Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, potential research directions, and future perspectives are reported. This review provides a theoretical basis to help veterinarians select the most sensitive, specific, and cost-effective approach for detecting bovine mastitis early.

Keywords: Mastitis; diagnosis; pathogen; protein biochips; proteomics.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Cattle clinical mastitis. A case with an inflamed right rear quarter in a dairy farm in Hubei province, China.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of mastitis growth in the inflamed mammary gland. Environmental [182] and contagious microorganisms invade the udder through the teat orifice. They then multiply in the udder, where they are attacked by neutrophils while damaging the epithelial cells lining the alveoli with the subsequent release of enzymes, such as NAGase and LDH. Epithelial cells also secrete antimicrobial compounds. Considerable tissue damage is observed once the immune effector cells begin to combat the invading pathogens [183].
NAGase, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase enzyme.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. Direct and indirect methods of mastitis diagnosis.
SCC, somatic cell count; Hp, haptoglobin; Hb, hemoglobin.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. Current and potential “online” analysis for mastitis detection in milk samples. An automatic milking system is becoming a common approach in large farms by using color, EC, and SCC sensors as “online” assays. On the other hand, sensors for detecting NAGase, haptoglobin, and gases produced by bacteria have yet to be incorporated ‘online.’ These sensors show great potential for the accurate detection of mastitis.
APP, acute phase protein; CMT, California mastitis test; TCDS, transrectal color Doppler sonography; IRT, infrared thermography.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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