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Review
. 2025 Jan:67:133-159.
doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.034. Epub 2024 Feb 5.

The future of plant based green carbon dots as cancer Nanomedicine: From current progress to future Perspectives and beyond

Hong Hui Jing  1 , Ali A Shati  2 , Mohammad Y Alfaifi  2 , Serag Eldin I Elbehairi  3 , Sreenivasan Sasidharan  4
Affiliations
Review

The future of plant based green carbon dots as cancer Nanomedicine: From current progress to future Perspectives and beyond

Hong Hui Jing et al. J Adv Res. 2025 Jan.

Abstract

Background: The emergence of carbon dots (CDs) as anticancer agents had sparked a transformation in cancer research and treatment strategies. These fluorescent CDs, initially introduced in the early 2000 s, possess exceptional biocompatibility, tunable fluorescence, and surface modification capabilities, positioning them as promising tools in biomedical applications.

Aim of review: The review encapsulates the transformative trajectory of green CDs as future anticancer nanomedicine, poised to redefine the strategies employed in the ongoing fight against cancer.

Key scientific concepts of review: The versatility of CDs was rooted in their various synthesis approaches and sustainable strategies, enabling their adaptability for diverse therapeutic uses. In vitro studies had showcased CDs' selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells while sparing healthy counterparts, forming the basis for targeted therapeutic potential. This selectivity had been attributed to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which opened avenues for targeted interventions. The role of CDs in combination therapies, synergizing with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted approaches was then investigated to heighten their anticancer efficacy. Notably, in vivo studies highlight CDs' remarkable biocompatibility and minimal side effects, endorsing their translational promise. Integration with conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy amplified the versatility and effectiveness of CDs. The exploration of CDs' applications in photo-induced treatments further solidified their significance, positioning them as photosensitizers (PS) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal agents (PA) in photothermal therapy (PTT). In PDT, CDs triggered the generation of ROS upon light exposure, facilitating cancer cell elimination, while in PTT, they induced localized hyperthermia within cancer cells, enhancing therapeutic outcomes. In vitro and in vivo investigations validated CDs' efficacy in PDT and PTT, affirming their potential for integration into combination therapies. Looking ahead, the future of CDs in anticancer treatment encompasses bioavailability, biocompatibility, synergistic treatments, tumor targeting, artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics integration, personalized medicine, and clinical translation. This transformative odyssey of CDs as future anticancer agents is poised to redefine the paradigm of cancer treatment strategies.

Keywords: Anticancer; Biocompatibility; Carbon Dots; Cytotoxicity; Photo-induced Treatment.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

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Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Graphical summary of the introduction of CDs.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Underlying mechanism of PDT and PTT.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Mode of action of CDs in PDT.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Mode of action of CDs in PTT.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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