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. 2024 Jan 24:25:101613.
doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2024.101613. eCollection 2024 Mar.

Worldwide association of the gender inequality with the incidence and mortality of cervical, ovarian, endometrial, and breast cancers

Shahin Kavousi  1 , Najmeh Maharlouei  2 , Alireza Rezvani  3 , Hossein Akbari Aliabad  4 , Hossein Molavi Vardanjani  5
Affiliations

Worldwide association of the gender inequality with the incidence and mortality of cervical, ovarian, endometrial, and breast cancers

Shahin Kavousi et al. SSM Popul Health. .

Abstract

Background: There is a huge disparity in cancer incidence and mortality around the globe. A considerable share of this disparity can be explained by human development. Particularly in many less developed countries, women have been hindered in their human development. In this ecological study, we hypothesize that, notwithstanding acceptable overall development in countries, gender inequalities might affect the incidence and mortality of women's malignancies, and there is a distinct association between them.

Method: The data on the incidence and mortality of gynecologic and female breast cancers were retrieved from the GLOBOCAN database, and the data on the Human Development Index (HDI), Gender Development Index (GDI), and Gender Inequality Index (GII) were obtained from the United Nations Human Development Report. The Poisson regression modeling was then used to fit four models for each cancer.

Result: GII and GDI are both significantly associated with incidences of women's cancers, except for the insignificant association between GDI and the incidence of ovarian cancer. However, the association between GDI and the mortality of women's cancer is not strong. At the same time, there are significant direct relationships between GII and the mortality of breast, cervical, and endometrial cancer.

Conclusion: The incidence and mortality of women's cancers are ecologically associated with the country-level gender inequality captured with GDI and GII.

Keywords: Breast cancer; Cancer incidence; Cancer mortality; Cervical cancer; Gender development; Gender inequality; Gynecologic neoplasms.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Graphical abstract of theoretical framework depicting the different levels of development and resource distribution which results in disparities between countries and the most prominent effect of this disparity on women in developing countries and other marginalized sectors.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Distribution of Incidence and mortality of Different Females Cancers across the Globe.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Distribution of human development index (HDI) and gender development index (GDI) of different countries across the globe.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Correlation of age-standardized incidence and mortality rate (ASR) of the females' cancers with gender development index (GDI).
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Correlation of age-standardized incidence and mortality rate (ASR) of the females' cancers with gender inequality index (GII).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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