Production of safe cyanobacterial biomass for animal feed using wastewater and drinking water treatment residuals

Abstract

The growing interest in microalgae and cyanobacteria biomass as an alternative to traditional animal feed is hindered by high production costs. Using wastewater (WW) as a cultivation medium could offer a solution, but this approach risks introducing harmful substances into the biomass, leading to significant safety concerns. In this study, we addressed these challenges by selectively extracting nitrates and phosphates from WW using drinking water treatment residuals (DWTR) and chitosan. This method achieved peak adsorption capacities of 4.4 mg/g for nitrate and 6.1 mg/g for phosphate with a 2.5 wt% chitosan blend combined with DWTR-nitrogen. Subsequently, these extracted nutrients were employed to cultivate Spirulina platensis, yielding a biomass productivity rate of 0.15 g/L/d, which is comparable to rates achieved with commercial nutrients. By substituting commercial nutrients with nitrate and phosphate from WW, we can achieve a 18 % reduction in the culture medium cost. While the cultivated biomass was initially nitrogen-deficient due to low nitrate levels, it proved to be protein-rich, accounting for 50 % of its dry weight, and contained a high concentration of free amino acids (1260 mg/g), encompassing all essential amino acids. Both in vitro and in vivo toxicity tests affirmed the biomass's safety for use as an animal feed component. Future research should aim to enhance the economic feasibility of this alternative feed source by developing efficient adsorbents, utilizing cost-effective reagents, and implementing nutrient reuse strategies in spent mediums.

Keywords: Animal feed; Drinking water treatment residuals; Nitrate; Phosphate; Spirulina platensis; Wastewater.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Synthesis procedure of DWTR based adsorbents used in this study.

Fig. 2

The recyclability of DWTR-CH at a concentration of 0.25 wt% for the adsorption of nitrate and phosphate.

Fig. 3

Growth curve (a), nitrate removal (b), phosphate removal (c), and quantum yield (d) of S. platensis cultivated in both MM and CM.

Fig. 4

Cell viability of the hot water extract of S. platensis cultivated in both MM and CM.