Evaluation of the potential of extract of seaweed Eucheuma denticulatum as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter in broiler chickens

Abstract

The seaweeds are in focus for their immunity and gut health-stimulating potentials in humans and farm animals, but their potential as a gut health-promoting agent and performance booster to replace antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in broiler chicken-feed remains to be evaluated. In vivo feeding experiments were conducted on commercial broiler chickens (1-42 days post-hatch) to evaluate dried aqueous exact of red seaweed Eucheuma denticulatum (referred to as PBD 5). Each of the three test diets (basal diet with three dosing regimens of PBD5, 0.25 g kg ^-1 for 0-6 weeks, 0.25 g kg ^-1 for 0-4 weeks or 1.0 g kg ^-1 for 0-2 weeks), along with an AGP supplemented diet (Virginiamycin (V), 20 ppm in basal diet), and a control diet was fed to 13 pen replicates of five chicks in each. PBD5 at 1.0 g kg ^-1 diet for 0-2 weeks improved (P < 0.05) cumulative feed efficiency (4.65 % improvement at 28 d, and 3.74 % at 35 d) than the control and comparable to the V group and the trend in improvement persisted up to 42 d. The group fed with PBD5 @ 1.0 g kg ^-1 for 0-2 weeks had significantly (P < 0.05) higher serum IgG level, glutathione peroxidase levels, fat digestibility, and expression of occludin and avian beta-defensin 4 gene in the gut and a trend of increased expression of growth hormone receptor gene in the liver as compared to the control with no significant effect on body weight, phytohemagglutinin response or haemagglutination inhibition titer. At d 25 of age, fecal E. coli count was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in the seaweed extract groups and the V group as compared to the control. It can be concluded that dried aqueous extract of E. denticulatum at 1 g kg ^-1 diet for 0-2 weeks can be used as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter in broiler chickens to improve feed efficiency and reduce gut pathogen load, and the improved performance was associated with increased expression of gut immunity and growth hormone receptor genes.

Keywords: Alternative to antibiotic growth promoter; Broiler chicken; Eucheuma denticulatum; Gene expression; Growth; Gut pathogen load; Immunity; Seaweed.

Fig. 1

Effect of supplementing seaweed extract (PBD5 @ 1.0 g kg ⁻¹ diet for 14 d) on relative normalized gene/mRNA expression in chicken. CLDN1, claudin; OCLDN, occludin; CLDN2, Claudin 2; TLR2A, toll like receptor 2A; NOD1, Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain 1; CGH:chicken growth hormone; CGHR: chicken growth hormone receptor; IL2, interleukin 2; IL6, interleukin 6; AvBD4, avian beta defensin 4. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. Error bars indicate standard error mean.