Examining County-Level Associations between Federally Qualified Health Centers and Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Political Ecology of Health Framework

Abstract

Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) are the largest providers of healthcare for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in medically underserved communities in the United States (US). Through the Affordable Care Act (ACA), FQHCs have grown in number, but the impact of this growth on STIs is poorly understood. This ecological study seeks to quantify the association between FQHCs and STI prevalence in all US counties. Variables were described utilizing medians and interquartile ranges, and distributions were compared using Kruskal-Wallis tests. Median rates of chlamydia in counties with high, low, and no FQHCs were 370.3, 422.6, and 242.1 cases per 100,000 population, respectively. Gonorrhea rates were 101.9, 119.7, and 49.9 cases per 100,000 population, respectively. Multivariable linear regression models, adjusted for structural and place-based characteristics (i.e., Medicaid expansion, social vulnerability, metropolitan status, and region), were used to examine county-level associations between FQHCs and STIs. Compared to counties with no FQHCs, counties with a high number of FQHCs had chlamydia rates that were an average of 68.6 per 100,000 population higher (β = 68.6, 95% CI: 45.0, 92.3) and gonorrhea rates that were an average of 25.2 per 100,000 population higher (β = 25.2, 95% CI: 13.2, 37.2). When controlled for salient factors associated with STI risks, greater FQHC availability was associated with greater diagnosis and treatment of STIs. These findings provide empirical support for the utility of a political ecology of health framework and the critical role of FQHCs in confronting the STI epidemic in the US.

Keywords: Medicaid expansion; federally qualified health centers; metropolitan; political ecology of health; sexually transmitted infections; social vulnerability.