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. 2024 Jan 29;13(3):428.
doi: 10.3390/foods13030428.

Efficiency of Electronic Nose in Detecting the Microbial Spoilage of Fresh Sardines (Sardinella longiceps)

Haitham S Al-Hooti  1 , Ismail M Al-Bulushi  2 , Zahir H Al-Attabi  2 , Mohammad S Rahman  2 , Lyutha K Al-Subhi  2 , Nasser A Al-Habsi  2
Affiliations

Efficiency of Electronic Nose in Detecting the Microbial Spoilage of Fresh Sardines (Sardinella longiceps)

Haitham S Al-Hooti et al. Foods. .

Abstract

The assessment of microbial spoilage in fresh fish is a major concern for the fish industry. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency and reliability of an electronic nose (E-nose) to detect microbial spoilage of fresh sardines (Sardinella longiceps) by comparing its measurements with Total Bacterial Count (TBC), Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) producing bacterial count and Trimethylamine Oxide (TMAO) reducing bacterial count after variable storage conditions. The samples were stored at 0 °C (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days) and 25 °C (0, 3, 6, and 9 h), while day 0 was used as a control. The E-nose measurements were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Microbial counts increased significantly and simultaneously with the changes in E-nose measurements during storage. The LDA and ANN showed a good classification of E-nose data for different storage times at two storage temperatures (0 °C and 25 °C) compared to PCA. It is expected as PCA is based on linear relationships between the factors, while ANN is based on non-linear relationships. Correlation coefficients between E-nose and TBC, TMAO-reducing bacterial and H2S-producing bacterial counts at 0 °C were 0.919, 0.960 and 0.915, respectively, whereas at 25 °C, the correlation coefficients were 0.859, 0.945 and 0.849, respectively. These positive correlations qualify the E-nose as an efficient and reliable device for detecting microbial spoilage of fish during storage.

Keywords: bacterial count; electronic nose; microbial spoilage; sardines.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Changes in bacterial counts in sardines stored at 0 °C.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Changes in bacterial counts in sardines stored at 25 °C.
Figure 3
Figure 3
PCA plot of the first two principal components (PC) of the E-nose signals of sardines stored at 0 °C.
Figure 4
Figure 4
PCA plot of the first two principal components (PC) of the E-nose signals of sardines stored at 25 °C.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Biplot of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of E-nose signals of sardines stored at 0 °C.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Bar plot of the first discriminant axis for sardines stored at 0 °C as function of time.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Biplot of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of E-nose signals of sardines store at 25 °C.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Bar plot of the first discriminant axis for sardines stored at 25 °C as function of time (hours).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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