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. 2024 Feb 2;13(3):482.
doi: 10.3390/foods13030482.

Optimizing the Solvent Selection of the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Pomace: Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activity

Dan Wu  1 , Zhihao Yang  1 , Jiong Li  2 , Huilin Huang  1 , Qile Xia  1   3 , Xingqian Ye  1 , Donghong Liu  1
Affiliations

Optimizing the Solvent Selection of the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Pomace: Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activity

Dan Wu et al. Foods. .

Abstract

Sea buckthorn pomace (SBP) is a by-product of sea buckthorn processing that is rich in bioactive compounds. In this study, different active ingredients were extracted by using different solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, glycerol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether) combined with an ultrasonic assisted method. The correlation between the active ingredients and antioxidant properties of the extract was studied, which provided a research basis for the comprehensive utilization of SBP. This study revealed that the 75% ethanol extract had the highest total phenolic content (TPC) of 42.86 ± 0.73 mg GAE/g, while the 75% glycerol extract had the highest total flavonoid content (TFC) of 25.52 ± 1.35 mg RTE/g. The ethanol extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity at the same concentration compared with other solvents. The antioxidant activity of the ethanol, methanol, and glycerol extracts increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Thirteen phenolic compounds were detected in the SBP extracts using UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Notably, the 75% glycerol extract contained the highest concentration of all identified phenolic compounds, with rutin (192.21 ± 8.19 μg/g), epigallocatechin (105.49 ± 0.69 μg/g), and protocatechuic acid (27.9 ± 2.38 μg/g) being the most abundant. Flavonols were found to be the main phenolic substances in SBP. A strong correlation was observed between TPC and the antioxidant activities of SBP extracts. In conclusion, the choice of solvent significantly influences the active compounds and antioxidant activities of SBP extracts. SBP extracts are a valuable source of natural phenolics and antioxidants.

Keywords: UPLC-MS/MS; antioxidant activity; sea buckthorn pomace; solvent extraction.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Total phenolic content of sea buckthorn pomace extracts obtained with different solvents. Different lowercase characters represent significant difference at p < 0.05 by Tukey’s multiple range test.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Total flavonoid content of sea buckthorn pomace extracts obtained with different solvents. Different lowercase characters represent significant difference at p < 0.05 by Tukey’s multiple range test.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The OPLS-DA of phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of SBP extracts with different solvents. (a) Score plot of OPLS-DA. (b) VIP plot of OPLS-DA.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Cluster heatmap of the phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of different solvent extracts from SBP. Mean values refer to colors from minimum displayed in green to maximum represented with red.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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