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. 2024 Jan 26:12:1291361.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1291361. eCollection 2024.

Spatiotemporal patterns and risk mapping of provincial hand, foot, and mouth disease in mainland China, 2014-2017

Yuxin Wei #  1 , Yue Ma #  1 , Tao Zhang  1 , Xuelian Luo  2 , Fei Yin  1 , Tiejun Shui  3
Affiliations

Spatiotemporal patterns and risk mapping of provincial hand, foot, and mouth disease in mainland China, 2014-2017

Yuxin Wei et al. Front Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has remained a serious public health threat since its first outbreak in China. Analyzing the province-level spatiotemporal distribution of HFMD and mapping the relative risk in mainland China will help determine high-risk provinces and periods of infection outbreaks for use in formulating new priority areas for prevention and control of this disease. Furthermore, our study examined the effect of air pollution on HFMD nationwide, which few studies have done thus far.

Methods: Data were collected on the number of provincial monthly HFMD infections, air pollution, meteorological variables, and socioeconomic variables from 2014 to 2017 in mainland China. We used spatial autocorrelation to determine the aggregate distribution of HFMD incidence. Spatiotemporal patterns of HFMD were analyzed, risk maps were developed using the Bayesian spatiotemporal model, and the impact of potential influencing factors on HFMD was assessed.

Results: In our study, from 2014 to 2017, the HFMD annual incidence rate in all provinces of mainland China ranged from 138.80 to 203.15 per 100,000 people, with an average annual incidence rate of 165.86. The temporal risk of HFMD for 31 Chinese provinces exhibited cyclical and seasonal characteristics. The southern and eastern provinces had the highest spatial relative risk (RR > 3) from 2014 to 2017. The HFMD incidence risk in provinces (Hunan, Hubei, and Chongqing) located in central China increased over time. Among the meteorological variables, except for the mean two-minute wind speed (RR 0.6878; 95% CI 0.5841, 0.8042), all other variables were risk factors for HFMD. High GDP per capita (RR 0.9922; 95% CI 0.9841, 0.9999) was a protective factor against HFMD. The higher the birth rate was (RR 1.0657; 95% CI 1.0185, 1.1150), the higher the risk of HFMD. Health workers per 1,000 people (RR 1.2010; 95% CI 1.0443, 1.3771) was positively correlated with HFMD.

Conclusions: From 2014 to 2017, the central provinces (Hunan, Hubei, and Chongqing) gradually became high-risk regions for HFMD. The spatiotemporal pattern of HFMD risk may be partially attributed to meteorological and socioeconomic factors. The prevalence of HFMD in the central provinces requires attention, as prevention control efforts should be strengthened there.

Keywords: Bayesian spatiotemporal model; HFMD; influencing factor; risk mapping; spatiotemporal pattern.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Provincial-level administrative regions in mainland China.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Spatial distribution of the average incidence of HFMD by province in mainland China, 2014–2017.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Monthly incidence of HFMD in mainland China from 2014 to 2017. (A) Monthly incidence of HFMD in 7 provinces located on the southern and eastern coasts of mainland China. (B) Monthly incidence of HFMD in 12 provinces located in central and south-western mainland China. (C) Monthly incidence of HFMD in 12 provinces located in western and northern mainland China.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Spatial association cluster map of HFMD incidence in mainland China, 2014–2017.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Spatial distribution of the BiLISA between provincial HFMD incidence and influencing factors.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The spatial RR map of HFMD incidence in mainland China from 2014 to 2017.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Temporal risk trend of HFMD incidence from 2014 to 2017 in mainland China.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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