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Meta-Analysis
. 2024 Feb 12;2(2):CD013763.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013763.pub3.

Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain

Lisa Oostvogels  1 , Stephanie Weibel  2 , Michael Meißner  1 , Peter Kranke  2 , Christine H Meyer-Frießem  3 , Esther Pogatzki-Zahn  1 , Alexander Schnabel  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain

Lisa Oostvogels et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Acute and chronic postoperative pain are important healthcare problems, which can be treated with a combination of opioids and regional anaesthesia. The erector spinae plane block (ESPB) is a new regional anaesthesia technique, which might be able to reduce opioid consumption and related side effects.

Objectives: To compare the analgesic effects and side effect profile of ESPB against no block, placebo block or other regional anaesthetic techniques.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science on 4 January 2021 and updated the search on 3 January 2022.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia were included. We included ESPB in comparison with no block, placebo blocks or other regional anaesthesia techniques irrespective of language, publication year, publication status or technique of regional anaesthesia used (ultrasound, landmarks or peripheral nerve stimulator). Quasi-RCTs, cluster-RCTs, cross-over trials and studies investigating co-interventions in either arm were excluded.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed all trials for inclusion and exclusion criteria, and risk of bias (RoB), and extracted data. We assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool, and we used GRADE to rate the certainty of evidence for the primary outcomes. The primary outcomes were postoperative pain at rest at 24 hours and block-related adverse events. Secondary outcomes were postoperative pain at rest (2, 48 hours) and during activity (2, 24 and 48 hours after surgery), chronic pain after three and six months, as well as cumulative oral morphine requirements at 2, 24 and 48 hours after surgery and rates of opioid-related side effects.

Main results: We identified 69 RCTs in the first search and included these in the systematic review. We included 64 RCTs (3973 participants) in the meta-analysis. The outcome postoperative pain was reported in 38 out of 64 studies; block-related adverse events were reported in 40 out of 64 studies. We assessed RoB as low in 44 (56%), some concerns in 24 (31%) and high in 10 (13%) of the study results. Overall, 57 studies reported one or both primary outcomes. Only one study reported results on chronic pain after surgery. In the updated literature search on 3 January 2022 we found 37 new studies and categorised these as awaiting classification. ESPB compared to no block There is probably a slight but not clinically relevant reduction in pain intensity at rest 24 hours after surgery in patients treated with ESPB compared to no block (visual analogue scale (VAS), 0 to 10 points) (mean difference (MD) -0.77 points, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.08 to -0.46; 17 trials, 958 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). There may be no difference in block-related adverse events between the groups treated with ESPB and those receiving no block (no events in 18 trials reported, 1045 participants, low-certainty evidence). ESPB compared to placebo block ESPB probably has no effect on postoperative pain intensity at rest 24 hours after surgery compared to placebo block (MD -0.14 points, 95% CI -0.29 to 0.00; 8 trials, 499 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). There may be no difference in block-related adverse events between ESPB and placebo blocks (no events in 10 trials reported; 592 participants; low-certainty evidence). ESPB compared to other regional anaesthetic techniques Paravertebral block (PVB) ESPB may not have any additional effect on postoperative pain intensity at rest 24 hours after surgery compared to PVB (MD 0.23 points, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.52; 7 trials, 478 participants; low-certainty evidence). There is probably no difference in block-related adverse events (risk ratio (RR) 0.27, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.95; 7 trials, 522 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Transversus abdominis plane block (TAPB) ESPB may not have any additional effect on postoperative pain intensity at rest 24 hours after surgery compared to TAPB (MD -0.16 points, 95% CI -0.46 to 0.14; 3 trials, 160 participants; low-certainty evidence). There may be no difference in block-related adverse events (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.21 to 4.83; 4 trials, 202 participants; low-certainty evidence). Serratus anterior plane block (SAPB) The effect on postoperative pain could not be assessed because no studies reported this outcome. There may be no difference in block-related adverse events (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.06 to 15.59; 2 trials, 110 participants; low-certainty evidence). Pectoralis plane block (PECSB) ESPB may not have any additional effect on postoperative pain intensity at rest 24 hours after surgery compared to PECSB (MD 0.24 points, 95% CI -0.11 to 0.58; 2 trials, 98 participants; low-certainty evidence). The effect on block-related adverse events could not be assessed. Quadratus lumborum block (QLB) Only one study reported on each of the primary outcomes. Intercostal nerve block (ICNB) ESPB may not have any additional effect on postoperative pain intensity at rest 24 hours after surgery compared to ICNB, but this is uncertain (MD -0.33 points, 95% CI -3.02 to 2.35; 2 trials, 131 participants; very low-certainty evidence). There may be no difference in block-related adverse events, but this is uncertain (RR 0.09, 95% CI 0.04 to 2.28; 3 trials, 181 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Epidural analgesia (EA) We are uncertain whether ESPB has an effect on postoperative pain intensity at rest 24 hours after surgery compared to EA (MD 1.20 points, 95% CI -2.52 to 4.93; 2 trials, 81 participants; very low-certainty evidence). A risk ratio for block-related adverse events was not estimable because only one study reported this outcome.

Authors' conclusions: ESPB in addition to standard care probably does not improve postoperative pain intensity 24 hours after surgery compared to no block. The number of block-related adverse events following ESPB was low. Further research is required to study the possibility of extending the duration of analgesia. We identified 37 new studies in the updated search and there are three ongoing studies, suggesting possible changes to the effect estimates and the certainty of the evidence in the future.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05121727.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Alexander Schnabel: none known. Stephanie Weibel: none known.

Michael Meissner: none known.

Peter Kranke: has no conflicts of interest regarding the topic of this review. He received lecture/consulting fees from Grünenthal, CSL Behring, Vifor, Sintetica, TevaRatiopharm, Braun, Amicus Ltd, and FreseniusKabi. Christine Meyer‐Frießem: none known. Esther Pogatzki‐Zahn: has no conflicts of interest regarding the topic of this review. She received lecture fees from Grünenthal, Metronic and Novartis and research support from Grünenthal outside the submitted work (all payments were made to her institution, not to EPZ personally); EPZ currently receives scientific support (unrelated and outside the submitted work) from the DFG, the BMBF, the ERANET ‐ Neuro (EU), the G‐BA and the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 777500 (IMI‐PainCare). This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and EFPIA. She is a member of the German Pain Society, research committee of the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care and the ESRA PROSPECT group. All funding was unrelated to the present research. Lisa Oostvogels: none known.

Figures

1
1
Magnitude‐based inferences to describe precision and clinical relevance of the effect estimates for postoperative pain within 24 hours
2
2
Magnitude‐based inferences to describe precision and clinical relevance of the effect estimates for adverse events within 24 hours
3
3
PRISMA flow chart of the search process for this meta‐analysis
4
4
Risk of bias summary for primary outcome of postoperative pain at 24 hours
5
5
Risk of bias summary for primary outcome of block‐related adverse events
6
6
Funnel plot of primary outcome of postoperative pain at rest after 24 hours in the comparison of ESPB vs no block
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Erector spinae plane block vs no block, Outcome 1: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest (24 hours postoperatively) (VAS)
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Erector spinae plane block vs no block, Outcome 2: Rates of block‐related adverse events
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Erector spinae plane block vs no block, Outcome 3: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity during activity (24 hours postoperatively) (VAS)
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Erector spinae plane block vs no block, Outcome 4: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest ‐ 2 hours (VAS)
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Erector spinae plane block vs no block, Outcome 5: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest ‐ 48 hours (VAS)
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Erector spinae plane block vs no block, Outcome 6: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity during activity ‐ 2 hours (VAS)
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Erector spinae plane block vs no block, Outcome 7: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity during activity ‐ 48 hours (VAS)
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Erector spinae plane block vs no block, Outcome 8: Rate of chronic post‐surgical pain after 3 months
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Erector spinae plane block vs no block, Outcome 9: Rate of chronic post‐surgical pain after 6 months
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Erector spinae plane block vs no block, Outcome 10: Cumulative mean oral morphine requirement in mg ‐ 2 hours
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Erector spinae plane block vs no block, Outcome 11: Cumulative mean oral morphine requirement in mg ‐ 24 hours
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Erector spinae plane block vs no block, Outcome 12: Cumulative mean oral morphine requirement in mg ‐ 48 hours
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Erector spinae plane block vs no block, Outcome 13: Rates of opioid‐related adverse events (PONV)
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Erector spinae plane block vs no block, Outcome 14: Rates of opioid‐related adverse events (pruritus)
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Erector spinae plane block vs placebo treatment, Outcome 1: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest (24 hours postoperatively) (VAS)
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Erector spinae plane block vs placebo treatment, Outcome 2: Rates of block‐related adverse events
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Erector spinae plane block vs placebo treatment, Outcome 3: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity during activity (24 hours postoperatively) (VAS)
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Erector spinae plane block vs placebo treatment, Outcome 4: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest ‐ 2 hours (VAS)
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Erector spinae plane block vs placebo treatment, Outcome 5: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest ‐ 48 hours (VAS)
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Erector spinae plane block vs placebo treatment, Outcome 6: Cumulative mean oral morphine requirement in mg ‐ 24 hours
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: Erector spinae plane block vs placebo treatment, Outcome 7: Cumulative mean oral morphine requirement in mg ‐ 48 hours
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2: Erector spinae plane block vs placebo treatment, Outcome 8: Rates of opioid‐related adverse events (PONV)
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2: Erector spinae plane block vs placebo treatment, Outcome 9: Rates of opioid‐related adverse events (pruritus)
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Erector spinae plane block vs paravertebral block, Outcome 1: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest (24 hours postoperatively) (VAS)
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Erector spinae plane block vs paravertebral block, Outcome 2: Rates of block‐related adverse events
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Erector spinae plane block vs paravertebral block, Outcome 3: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity during activity (24 hours postoperatively) (VAS)
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Erector spinae plane block vs paravertebral block, Outcome 4: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest ‐ 2 hours (VAS)
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Erector spinae plane block vs paravertebral block, Outcome 5: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest ‐ 48 hours
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: Erector spinae plane block vs paravertebral block, Outcome 6: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity during activity ‐ 2 hours
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3: Erector spinae plane block vs paravertebral block, Outcome 7: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity during activity ‐ 48 hours (VAS)
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3: Erector spinae plane block vs paravertebral block, Outcome 8: Cumulative mean oral morphine requirement in mg ‐ 2 hours
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3: Erector spinae plane block vs paravertebral block, Outcome 9: Cumulative mean oral morphine requirement in mg ‐ 24 hours
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3: Erector spinae plane block vs paravertebral block, Outcome 10: Cumulative mean oral morphine requirement in mg ‐ 48 hours
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3: Erector spinae plane block vs paravertebral block, Outcome 11: Rates of opioid‐related adverse events (PONV)
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Erector spinae plane block vs transversus abdominis plane block, Outcome 1: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest (24 hours postoperatively) (VAS)
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Erector spinae plane block vs transversus abdominis plane block, Outcome 2: Rates of block‐related adverse events
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Erector spinae plane block vs transversus abdominis plane block, Outcome 3: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest ‐ 2 hours (VAS)
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: Erector spinae plane block vs transversus abdominis plane block, Outcome 4: Cumulative mean oral morphine requirement in mg ‐ 24 hours
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4: Erector spinae plane block vs transversus abdominis plane block, Outcome 5: Rates of opioid‐related adverse events (PONV)
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Erector spinae plane block vs serratus anterior plane block, Outcome 1: Rates of block‐related adverse events
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Erector spinae plane block vs serratus anterior plane block, Outcome 2: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest ‐ 2 hours (VAS)
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5: Erector spinae plane block vs serratus anterior plane block, Outcome 3: Cumulative mean oral morphine requirement in mg ‐ 24 hours
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5: Erector spinae plane block vs serratus anterior plane block, Outcome 4: Rates of opioid‐related adverse events (PONV)
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5: Erector spinae plane block vs serratus anterior plane block, Outcome 5: Rates of opioid‐related adverse events (pruritus)
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Erector spinae plane block vs pectoralis plane block, Outcome 1: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest (24 hours postoperatively) (VAS)
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: Erector spinae plane block vs pectoralis plane block, Outcome 2: Rates of block‐related adverse outcomes
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6: Erector spinae plane block vs pectoralis plane block, Outcome 3: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest ‐ 2 hours (VAS)
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6: Erector spinae plane block vs pectoralis plane block, Outcome 4: Cumulative mean oral morphine requirement in mg ‐ 24 hours
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Erector spinae plane block vs quadratus lumborum block, Outcome 1: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest (24 hours postoperatively) (VAS)
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: Erector spinae plane block vs quadratus lumborum block, Outcome 2: Rates of block‐related adverse events
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7: Erector spinae plane block vs quadratus lumborum block, Outcome 3: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity during activity (24 hours postoperatively)
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7: Erector spinae plane block vs quadratus lumborum block, Outcome 4: Cumulative mean oral morphine requirement in mg ‐ 24 hours
7.5
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7: Erector spinae plane block vs quadratus lumborum block, Outcome 5: Rates of opioid‐related adverse events (PONV)
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: Erector spinae plane block vs intercostal nerve block, Outcome 1: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest (24 hours postoperatively) (VAS)
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8: Erector spinae plane block vs intercostal nerve block, Outcome 2: Rates of block‐related adverse events
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8: Erector spinae plane block vs intercostal nerve block, Outcome 3: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity during activity (24 hours postoperatively) (VAS)
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8: Erector spinae plane block vs intercostal nerve block, Outcome 4: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest ‐ 48 hours (VAS)
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8: Erector spinae plane block vs intercostal nerve block, Outcome 5: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity during activity ‐ 48 hours (VAS)
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8: Erector spinae plane block vs intercostal nerve block, Outcome 6: Cumulative mean oral morphine requirement in mg ‐ 24 hours
8.7
8.7. Analysis
Comparison 8: Erector spinae plane block vs intercostal nerve block, Outcome 7: Cumulative mean oral morphine requirement in mg ‐ 48 hours
8.8
8.8. Analysis
Comparison 8: Erector spinae plane block vs intercostal nerve block, Outcome 8: Rates of opioid‐related adverse events (PONV)
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9: Erector spinae plane block vs epidural analgesia, Outcome 1: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest (24 hours postoperatively) (VAS)
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9: Erector spinae plane block vs epidural analgesia, Outcome 2: Rates of block‐related adverse events
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9: Erector spinae plane block vs epidural analgesia, Outcome 3: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity during activity (24 hours postoperatively) (VAS)
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9: Erector spinae plane block vs epidural analgesia, Outcome 4: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest ‐ 2 hours (VAS)
9.5
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9: Erector spinae plane block vs epidural analgesia, Outcome 5: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest ‐ 48 hours (VAS)
9.6
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9: Erector spinae plane block vs epidural analgesia, Outcome 6: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity during activity ‐ 48 hours (VAS)
9.7
9.7. Analysis
Comparison 9: Erector spinae plane block vs epidural analgesia, Outcome 7: Cumulative mean oral morphine requirement in mg ‐ 24 hours
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10: Subgroup analysis: erector spinae plane block vs no block, Outcome 1: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest (24 hours postoperatively) (VAS) ‐ Type of surgery
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10: Subgroup analysis: erector spinae plane block vs no block, Outcome 2: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest (24 hours postoperatively) (VAS) ‐ Type of local anaesthetic
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10: Subgroup analysis: erector spinae plane block vs no block, Outcome 3: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest (24 hours postoperatively) (VAS) ‐ Volume of local anaesthetic
10.4
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10: Subgroup analysis: erector spinae plane block vs no block, Outcome 4: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest (24 hours postoperatively) (VAS) ‐ Fixed multimodal analgesia
10.5
10.5. Analysis
Comparison 10: Subgroup analysis: erector spinae plane block vs no block, Outcome 5: Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest (24 hours postoperatively) (VAS) ‐ Baseline non‐opioid analgesia
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References

References to studies included in this review

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    1. Fang B, Wang Z, Huang X. Ultrasound-guided preoperative single-dose erector spinae plane block provides comparable analgesia to thoracic paravertebral block following thoracotomy: a single center randomized controlled double-blind study. Annals of Translational Medicine 2019;7(8):174. [DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.03.53] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Finnerty 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Finnerty DT, McMahon A, McNamara JR, Hartigan SD, Griffin M, Buggy DJ. Comparing erector spinae plane block with serratus anterior plane block for minimally invasive thoracic surgery: a randomised clinical trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2020;125(5):802-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.06.020] - DOI - PubMed
Fiorelli 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Fiorelli S, Leopizzi G, Menna C, Teodonio L, Ibrahim M, Rendina EA, et al. Ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block versus intercostal nerve block for post-minithoracotomy acute pain management: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2020;34(9):2421-9. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.01.026] - DOI - PubMed
Fu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Fu J, Zhang G, Qiu Y. Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain and recovery in hepatectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020;99(41):222-51. [DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000022251] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gaballah 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gaballah KM, Soltan WA, Bahgat NM. Ultrasound-guided serratus plane block versus erector spinae block for postoperative analgesia after video-assisted thoracoscopy: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2019;33(7):1946-53. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.02.028] - DOI - PubMed
Gad 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gad M, Abdelwahab K, Abdallah A, Abdelkhalek M, Mahmoud A. Ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block compared to modified pectoral plane block for modified radical mastectomy operations. Anesthesia: Essays and Researches 2019;13(2):334-39. [DOI: 10.4103/aer.AER_77_19] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gultekin 2020 {published data only}
    1. Gultekin MH, Erdogan A, Akyol F. Evaluation of the efficacy of the erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Endourology 2020;34(3):267-72. [DOI: 10.1089/end.2019.0777] - DOI - PubMed
Guo 2019 {published data only}
    1. Guo R, Peng Z, Liu Y. Comparison postoperative analgesia between erector spinae plane block and paravertabral block in thoracoscopic surgery. Journal of Chinese Physician 2019;21(09):818-20.
Gürkan 2018 {published data only}
    1. Gürkan Y, Aksu C, Kuş A, Yörükoğlu UH, Kılıç CT. Ultrasound guided erector spinae plane block reduces postoperative opioid consumption following breast surgery: a randomized controlled study. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2018;50:65-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2018.06.033] - DOI - PubMed
Gürkan 2020 {published data only}
    1. Gürkan Y, Aksu C, Kuş A, Yörükoğlu UH. Erector spinae plane block and thoracic paravertebral block for breast surgery compared to iv-morphine: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2020;59(2019):84-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2019.06.036] - DOI - PubMed
Hamed 2019 {published data only}
    1. Hamed MA, Goda AS, Basiony MM, Fargaly OS, Abdelhady MA. Erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized controlled study original study. Journal of Pain Research 2019;12:1393-8. [DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S196501] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ibrahim 2019 {published data only}
    1. Ibrahim M, Elnabtity A M. Analgesic efficacy of erector spinae plane block in percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a randomized controlled trial. Der Anaesthesist (The Anaesthetist) 2019;68(11):755-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00101-019-00673-w] - DOI - PubMed
Ibrahim 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Mohamed I. Erector spinae plane block in laparoscopic cholecystectomy, is there a difference? A randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia: Essays and Researches 2020;14(1):119–26. [DOI: 10.4103/aer.AER_144_19] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kamel 2020 {published data only}
    1. Kamel AA, Amin OA, Ibrahem MA. Bilateral ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block versus transversus abdominis plane block on postoperative analgesia after total abdominal hysterectomy. Pain Physician 2020;23(4):375-82. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Kang 2019 {published data only}
    1. Kang RA, Chin KJ, Gwak MS, Kim GS, Choi SJ, Kim JM, et al. Bilateral single-injection erector spinae plane block versus intrathecal morphine for postoperative analgesia in living donor laparoscopic hepatectomy: a randomized non-inferiority trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2019 Oct 23 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2019-100902] - DOI - PubMed
Khorasanizadeh 2020 {published data only}
    1. Khorasanizadeh S, Arabzadeh B, Teymourian H, Mohseni GR. Pectoral nerve block and erector spinae plane block and post-breast surgery complications. International Journal of Cancer Management 2020 Feb 24 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.100893] - DOI
Krishna 2019 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Krishna SN, Chauhan S, Bhoi D, Kaushal B, Hasija S, Sangdup T, et al. Bilateral erector spinae plane block for acute post-surgical pain in adult cardiac surgical patients: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2019;33(2):368-75. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.05.050] - DOI - PubMed
Liu 2021 {published data only}
    1. Liu L, Ni X-X, Zhang LW, Zhao K, Xie H, Zhu J. Effects of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block on postoperative analgesia and plasma cytokine levels after uniportal VATS: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anesthesia 2021;35:3-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-020-02848-x] - DOI - PubMed
Mostafa 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Mostafa SF, Abdelghany MS, Elyazed MM. Ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block in patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Pain Practice 2020;21(4):445-53. [DOI: 10.1111/papr.12975] - DOI - PubMed
Nagaraja 2018 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Nagaraja PS, Ragavendran S, Singh NG, Asai O, Bhavya G, Manjunath N, et al. Comparison of continuous thoracic epidural analgesia with bilateral erector spinae plane block for perioperative pain management in cardiac surgery. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia 2018;21(3):323-7. [DOI: 10.4103/aca.ACA_16_18] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Oksuz 2019 {published data only}
    1. Oksuz G, Bilgen F, Arslan M, Duman Y, Urfalioglu A, Bilal B. Ultrasound-guided bilateral erector spinae block versus tumescent anesthesia for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing reduction mammoplasty: a randomized controlled study. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 2019;43(2):291-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00266-018-1286-8] - DOI - PubMed
Park 2021 {published data only}
    1. Park S, Park J, Choi JW, Bang YJ, Oh EJ, Park J, et al. The efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block after mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction with a tissue expander: a randomized clinical trial. Korean Journal of Pain 2021;34(1):106-13. [DOI: 10.3344/kjp.2021.34.1.106] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Prasad 2020 {published data only}
    1. Prasad M, Varshney R, Jain P, Choudhary A, Khare A, Jheetay G. Postoperative analgesic efficacy of fluoroscopy-guided erector spinae plane block after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL): a randomized controlled study. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2020;14(4):480-6. - PMC - PubMed
Qiang 2018 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Qiang W, Hui Z, Guohua Z. Optimized strategy of anesthesia for thoracoscopic radical resection of lung cancer: erector plane block combined general anesthesia. Chinese Journal of Anaesthesiology 2018;12:1325-7. [DOI: 10.3760/cma.J.issn.0254—1416.2018] - DOI
Sakae 2020 {published data only}
    1. Sakae TM, Yamauchi LH, Takaschima AK, Brandao JC, Benedetti RH. Comparison between erector spinal plane block and epidural block techniques for postoperative analgesia in open cholecystectomies: a randomized clinical trial [Comparacao entre as tecnicas de bloqueio do plano do musculo eretor da espinha e bloqueio epidural para analgesia pos-operatoria em colecistectomias abertas: um ensaio clinico randomizado.]. Brazilian Journal of Anaesthesiology 2020;70(1):22-7. [DOI: doi: 10.1016/j.bjan.2019.12.009] - PMC - PubMed
Seelam 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Seelam S, Nair AS, Christopher A, Upputuri O, Naik V, Rayani BK. Efficacy of single-shot ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia after mastectomy: a randomized controlled study. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2020;14(1):22-7. [DOI: 10.4103/sja.SJA_260_19] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sharma 2020 {published data only}
    1. Sharma S, Arora S, Jafra A, Singh G. Efficacy of erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia in total mastectomy and axillary clearance: a randomized controlled trial. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2020;14(2):186-91. [DOI: 10.4103/sja.SJA_625_19] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Shim 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Shim J-G, Ryu K-H, Kim PO, Cho E-A, Ahn J-H, Yeon J-E, et al. Evaluation of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block for postoperative management of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Journal of Thoracic Disease 2020;12(8):4174-82. [DOI: 10.21037/jtd-20-689] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Singh 2019 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Singh S, Kumar G, Akhileshwar. Ultrasound‑guided erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia in modified radical mastectomy: a randomised control study. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2019;63:200‐4. [DOI: 10.4103/ija.IJA_758_18] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Singh 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Singh S, Choudhary NK, Lalin D, Verma VK. Bilateral ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia in lumbar spine surgery: a randomized control trial. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 2020;32(4):330-4. [DOI: 10.1097/ANA.0000000000000603] - DOI - PubMed
Sinha 2019 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Sinha C, Kumar A, Kumar A, Prasad C, Singh PK, Priya D. Pectoral nerve versus erector spinae block for breast surgeries: a randomised controlled trial. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2019;63(8):617–22. [PMID: 10.4103/ija.IJA_163_19] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sobhy 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Sobhy MG, El-Hamid AM, Elbarbary DH, Elmeliegy MF. Ultrasound-guided erector spinae block for postoperative analgesia in thoracotomy patients: a prospective, randomized, observer-blind, controlled clinical trial. Ain Shams Journal of Anesthesiology 2020 Aug 5 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: ]
Sotome 2021 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Sotome S, Sawada A, Wada A, Shima H, Kutomi G, Yamakage M. Erector spinae plane block versus retrolaminar block for postoperative analgesia after breast surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anesthesia 2020 Sept 2 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-020-02855-y] - DOI - PubMed
Swisher 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Swisher MW, Wallace AM, Sztain JF, Said ET, Khatibi B, Abanobi M, et al. Erector spinae plane versus paravertebral nerve blocks for postoperative analgesia after breast surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2020;45(4):260-6. [DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2019-101013] - DOI - PubMed
Taketa 2019 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Taketa Y, Irisawa Y, Fujitani T. Comparison of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block and thoracic paravertebral block for postoperative analgesia after video-assisted thoracic surgery: a randomized controlled non-inferiority clinical trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2019 Nov 8 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2019-100827] - DOI - PubMed
Tulgar 2018 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Tulgar S, Kose HC, Selvi O, Senturk O, Thomas DT, Ermis MN, et al. Comparison of ultrasound-guided lumbar erector spinae plane block and transmuscular quadratus lumborum block for postoperative analgesia in hip and proximal femur surgery: a prospective randomized feasibility study. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2018;12(4):825-31. [DOI: doi: 10.4103/aer.AER_142_18] - PMC - PubMed
Turhan 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Turhan O, Sivrikoz N, Sungur Z, Duman S, Ozkan B, Senturk M. Thoracic paravertebral block achieves better pain control than erector spinae plane block and intercostal nerve block in thoracoscopic surgery: a randomized study. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2020;35(10):2920-7. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.11.034] - DOI - PubMed
Wang 2019b {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Wang Q, Zhang G, Wei S, He Z, Sun L, Zheng H. Comparison of the effects of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block and wound infiltration on perioperative opioid consumption and postoperative pain in thoracotomy. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan 2019;29(12):1138-43. [DOI: 10.29271/jcpsp.2019.12.1138] - DOI - PubMed
Yang 2019 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Yang J, Ma L, Qiu Y. Effect of uItrasound- guided singIe erector spine pIane bIock for anaIgesia after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine 2019;36:481-4.
Yao 2020a {published data only}
    1. Yao Y, Fu S, Dai S, Yun J, Zeng M, Li H, et al. Impact of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block on postoperative quality of recovery in video-assisted thoracic surgery: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2020 Mar 7 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109783] - DOI - PubMed
Yao 2020b {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Yao Y, Li H, He Q, Chen T, Wang Y, Zheng X. Efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block on postoperative quality of recovery and analgesia after modified radical mastectomy: randomized controlled trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2019 Nov 2 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: :10.1136/rapm-2019-100983] - PubMed
Yaoping 2019 {published data only}
    1. Yaoping Z, Shuang YU, Shaoqiang Z, Yan TA, Geng W. Application of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block on intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing chronic empyema [超声引导下竖脊肌平面阻滞在慢性脓胸患者术中 及术后镇痛中的效果]. The Journal of Clinical Anesthesiology 2019;0(12):129-32.
Yayik 2018 {published data only}
    1. Yayik AM, Ahiskalioglu A. Ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain after lumbar discectomy: a randomized controlled trial. World Neurosurgery 2019 Mar 8 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.02.149] - DOI
Yuzhong 2018a {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Yuzhong XI, Fei X, Huilian BU. Effect of anesthesia factor on early postoperative outcome in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic pulmonary lobectomy: efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block combined with general anesthesia. Chinese Journal of Anesthesiology 2018;12:1331-4.
Yuzhong 2018b {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Yuzhong XI, Huilian BU, Jie Z. Efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic pulmonary lobectomy: a comparison with paravertebral nerve block. Chinese Journal of Anesthesiology 2018;38(3):332-5.
Zhang 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Zhang T-J, Zhang J-J, Qu Z-Y, Zhang H-Y, Qiu Y, Hua Z. Bilateral erector spinae plane blocks for open posterior lumbar surgery. Journal of Pain Research 2020;13:709-17. [DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S24817] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2021 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Zhang Q, Wu W, Ren F, Zhang X, Feng Y. Bilateral ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block in patients undergoing lumbar spinal fusion: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2020 Oct 20 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.110090] - DOI - PubMed
Zhao 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Zhao H, Xin L, Feng Y. The effect of preoperative erector spinae plane vs. paravertebral blocks on patient-controlled oxycodone consumption after video-assisted thoracic surgery: a prospective randomized, blinded, non-inferiority study. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2020 Feb 21 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109737] - DOI - PubMed
Zheng 2019 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Zheng Y, Zhuo Q, Jiang H. Effect of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block on early pain after thoracoscopic lobectomy. Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine 2019;36:448-53.

References to studies excluded from this review

Qiulan 2019 {published data only}
    1. Qiulan W, Jin W, Dasheng L, Taoyi C, Chengzhi L, Mengfei Y. The effect of bilateral erector spinal plane block on the quality of arousal in patients undergoing thoracolumbar scoliosis under general anesthesia [双侧竖脊肌平面阻滞对全麻胸腰椎脊柱侧弯矫形术患者术中唤醒质量的改良效果]. Chinese Journal of Anesthesiology 2019;39(8):966-9. [DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-1416.2019.08.017] - DOI
Sajna 2020 {published data only}
    1. Sajna S, Johnson E. Comparison of effectiveness of erector spinae plane block and transversus abdominis plane block in inguinal hernia repair for post operative analgesia-a prospective randomised single blinded study. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2020;64(13):35.
Tao 2019 {published data only}
    1. Tao T, Zhou Q. Efficacy of erector spinae block versus retrolaminar block for postoperative analgesia following posterior lumbar surgery. Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao [Journal of Southern Medical University] 2019;39(6):736-9. [DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.06.17] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tulgar 2019 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Tulgar S, Kapakli MS, Kose HC, Senturk O, Selvi O, Serifsoy TE, et al. Evaluation of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block and oblique subcostal transversus abdominis plane block in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: randomized, controlled, prospective study. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2019;13(1):50-6. [DOI: 10.4103/aer.AER_194_18] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wang 2019a {published data only}
    1. Wang HJ, Liu Y, Ge WW, Bian LD, Pu LF, Y Jiang GF, et al. Comparison of ultrasound-guided serratus anterior plane block and erector spinae plane block perioperatively in radical mastectomy. Zhong hua yi xue za zhi [Chinese Medical Journal] 2019;99(23):1809-13. [DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2019.23.012] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abd 2021 {published data only}
    1. Abd Ellatif SE, Abdelnaby SM. Ultrasound guided erector spinae plane block versus quadratus lumborum block for postoperative analgesia in patient undergoing open nephrectomy: a randomized controlled study. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2021;37(1):123-34. [DOI: ]
Abraham 2021 {published data only}
    1. Abraham A, Mehta P. Comparing the efficacy and safety of USG guided modified pectoral block vs. erector spinae block for postoperative pain management in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2021;70:113-4. [DOI: ]
Agarwal 2021 {published data only}
    1. Agarwal S, Bharati SJ, Bhatnagar S, Mishra S, Garg R, Gupta N, et al. The comparison of the efficacy of ultrasound-guided paravertebral block versus erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia in modified radical mastectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2021;15(2):137-43. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Asar 2022 {published data only}
    1. Asar S, Sari S, Altinpulluk E Y, Turgut M. Efficacy of erector spinae plane block on postoperative pain in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery. European Spine Journal 2022;1(31):197-204. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Athar 2021 {published data only}
    1. Athar M, Parveen S, Yadav M, Siddiqui OA, Nasreen F, Ali S, et al. A randomized double-blind controlled trial to assess the efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block in cardiac surgery. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2021;35(12):3574-80. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Dost 2021 {published data only}
    1. Dost B, Kaya C, Ozdemir E, Ustun YB, Koksal E, Bilgin S, et al. Ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing open radical prostatectomy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2021;72:110277. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Elsabeeny 2021 {published data only}
    1. Elsabeeny WY, Ibrahim MA, Shehab NN, Mohamed A, Wadod MA. Serratus anterior plane block and erector spinae plane block versus thoracic epidural analgesia for perioperative thoracotomy pain control: a randomized controlled study. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2021;35(10):2928-36. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Finnerty 2021 {published data only}
    1. Finnerty D, Ni Eochagain A, Ahmed M, Poynton A, Butler JS, Buggy DJ. A randomised trial of bilateral erector spinae plane block vs. no block for thoracolumbar decompressive spinal surgery. Anaesthesia 2021;76(11):1499-503. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Genc 2021 {published data only}
    1. Genc C, Kaya C. Effects of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block and pectoralis nerve block on postoperative acute and chronic pain in patients who underwent breast cancer surgery. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2021;70:A5-A6. [DOI: ]
Iqbal 2021 {published data only}
    1. Iqbal N, Hasan A, Imtiaz Ali S, Rahim J, Akhter S. Comparison of pain scores and recovery after percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with and without regional anesthesia block. Prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Endourology 2021;35:A39.
Jin 2021 {published data only}
    1. Jin Y, Zhao S, Cai J, Blessing M, Zhao X, Tan H, Li J. Erector spinae plane block for perioperative pain control and short-term outcomes in lumbar laminoplasty: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Pain Research 2021;14:2717-27. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Khan 2021 {published data only}
    1. Khan MA, Zubair M, Khan MNA, Ashraf M, Saleem SA. Continuous thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) versus continuous erector spinae plane block (ESPB) for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing adult living donar open hepatectomies. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2021;133(3):167.
Kim 2021 {published data only}
    1. Kim D, Kim JM, Choi GS, Heo G, Kim GS, Jeong JS. Ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia in laparoscopic liver resection: a prospective, randomised controlled, patient and observer-blinded study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2021;38:S106-12. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Ozdemir 2021 {published data only}
    1. Ozdemir H, Araz C, Karaca O, Turk E. Comparison of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block and subcostal transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Investigative Surgery 2021;4:1-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Park 2021a {published data only}
    1. Park S, Park J, Choi JW, Bang YJ, Oh EJ, Park J, et al. The efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block after mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction with a tissue expander: a randomized clinical trial. Korean Journal of Pain 2021;34(1):106-13. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Piskin 2021 {published data only}
    1. Pişkin Ö, Gökçe M, Altınsoy B, Baytar Ç, Aydın BG, Okyay RD, et al. Effects of continuous erector spinae plane block on postoperative pain in video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: a randomized controlled study. General Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2021;1(70):64-71. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Ramachandran 2021 {published data only}
    1. Ramachandran S, Ramaraj K, Velayudhan S, Shanmugam B, Kuppusamy S, Lazarus S. Comparison of erector spinae plane block and local anaesthetic infiltration of the incision site for postoperative analgesia in percutaneous nephrolithotomy-A randomised parallel-group study. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2021;65(5):398-403. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Rao 2021 {published data only}
    1. Rao Kadam V, Ludbrook G, Wijk R M, Hewett P, Thiruvenkatarajan V, Edwards S, et al. A comparison of ultrasound guided bilateral single injection shot erector spinae plane blocks versus wound infiltration for post-operative analgesia in laparoscopic assisted colonic surgery- a prospective randomised study. BMC Anesthesiology 2021;21(1):255. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Sarkar 2021 {published data only}
    1. Sarkar S, Jena SS, Nayak P, Mitra JK. Postoperative pain relief following lumbar erector spinae plane block in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a randomized controlled trial. Urology 2022;160:69-74. [DOI: ] - PubMed
Shanthanna 2021 {published data only}
    1. Shanthanna H, Czuczman M, Moisiuk P, O'Hare T, Khan M, Forero M, et al. Erector spinae plane block vs. peri-articular injection for pain control after arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2021;3(77):301-10. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Shen 2021 {published data only}
    1. Shen QH, Zhou XY, Shen X, Chen YJ, Liu K, Wang R. Comparison of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block and oblique subcostal transverse abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia in elderly patients after laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a prospective randomized study. Pain and Therapy 2021;10(2):1709-18. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Sifaki 2021 {published data only}
    1. Sifaki F, Theodoraki K, Mantzoros I, Koraki E, Bagntasarian S, Christidis P. Effectiveness of ultrasound - guided bilateral erector spinae plane block in laparoscopic cholecystectomies. A randomized, controlled, double blind, prospective trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2021;70:A1. - PubMed
Taskaldiran 2021 {published data only}
    1. Taskaldiran Y. Is opioid-free anesthesia possible by using erector spinae plane block in spinal surgery? Cureus 2021;13(10):e18666. - PMC - PubMed
Theodoraki 2021 {published data only}
    1. Theodoraki K, Sifaki F, Koraki E, Bagntasarian S, Tsapara V, Mantzoros I, Christidis P. The effectiveness of bilateral erector spinae plane block in reducing perioperative opioid administration in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Signa Vitae 2021;17:S19.
Verma 2020 {published data only}
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Wang 2021 {published data only}
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Wang 2021a {published data only}
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Yildiz 2021 {published data only}
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Yörükoğlu 2021 {published data only}
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Zengin 2021 {published data only}
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Zhang 2021a {published data only}
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Zhang 2021b {published data only}
    1. Zhang J-J, Zhang T-J, Qu Z-Y, Qiu Y, Hua Z. Erector spinae plane block at lower thoracic level for analgesia in lumbar spine surgery: a randomized controlled trial. World Journal of Clinical Cases 2021;9(19):5126-34. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2021c {published data only}
    1. Zhang S, Han X, Zhou D, Sun M, Cang J, Miao C, et al. The effects of erector spinae plane block on perioperative opioid consumption and rehabilitation in video assisted thoracic surgery. BMC Anesthesiology 2021;21(1):313. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Zhao 2021 {published data only}
    1. Zhao Y, Tao Y, Zheng S, Cai N, Cheng L, Xie H, et al. Effects of erector spinae plane block and retrolaminar block on analgesia for multiple rib fractures: a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (Elsevier) 2021;1(72):115-21. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Zhu 2021 {published data only}
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Zimmerer 2021 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies

Sarkar 2022 {unpublished data only}CTRI/2021/09/036523
    1. Sarkar M, Kumar Mitra J. Comparison of quadratus lumborum block and erector spinae plane block on postoperative analgesic effect in patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectomy - A randomized controlled trial. trialsearch.who.in. [CTRI: CTRI/2021/09/036523]
Singh 2022 {unpublished data only}CTRI/2021/06/034098
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Zengin 2022 {unpublished data only}
    1. Zengin M. Comparison of erector spinae plane block and combination of deep and superficial serratus anterior plane block. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05121727.

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References to other published versions of this review

Schnabel 2020
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