Clinical impact of pleural fluid carcinoembryonic antigen on therapeutic strategy and efficacy in lung adenocarcinoma patients with malignant pleural effusion

Abstract

Background/aims: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation is important in determining the treatment strategy for advanced lung cancer patients with malignant pleural effusion (MPE). Contrary to serum carcinoembryonic antigen (S-CEA) levels, the associations between pleural fluid CEA (PF-CEA) levels and EGFR mutation status as well as between PF-CEA levels and treatment efficacy have rarely been investigated in lung adenocarcinoma patients with MPE.

Methods: This retrospective study enrolled lung adenocarcinoma patients with MPE and available PF-CEA levels and EGFR mutation results. The patients were categorized based on PF-CEA levels: < 10 ng/mL, 10-100 ng/mL, 100-500 ng/mL, and ≥ 500 ng/mL. The association between PF-CEA levels and EGFR mutation status as well as their therapeutic impact on overall survival was compared among the four groups.

Results: This study included 188 patients. PF-CEA level was found to be an independent predictor of EGFR mutation but not S-CEA level. The EGFR mutation rates were higher as the PF-CEA levels increased, regardless of cytology results or sample types. Among EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients receiving EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment, those with high PF-CEA levels had significantly better survival outcomes than those with low PF-CEA levels.

Conclusion: High PF-CEA levels were associated with high EGFR mutation rate and may lead to a favorable clinical outcome of EGFR-TKI treatment in EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients with MPE. These findings highlight the importance of actively investigating EGFR mutation detection in patients with suspected MPE and elevated PF-CEA levels despite negative cytology results.

Keywords: Epidermal growth factor receptor; Malignant pleural effusion; Mutation; Pleural fluid–carcinoembryonic antigen; Tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Figure 1.

EGFR mutation rates according to PF-CEA levels in 188 lung adenocarcinoma patients with malignant pleural effusion. EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; PF-CEA, pleural fluid–carcinoembryonic antigen.

Figure 2.

Kaplan–Meier survival curves of patients who received EGFR-TKI Tx (A) and cytotoxic chemotherapy (B) as initial Tx regimen after the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion according to pleural fluid CEA levels. EGFR-TKI, epidermal growth factor receptor–tyrosine kinase inhibitor; PF-CEA, pleural fluid–carcinoembryonic antigen; Tx, treatment.