Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2024 Feb 1:12:1296382.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1296382. eCollection 2024.

Social and biological evaluation of antimicrobial resistance (SOBEAR) in rural India: a study protocol

Matrujyoti Pattnaik #  1 , Ashish Kumar Nayak #  1 , Sonam Karna #  1 , Tanveer Rehman  1 , Subrat Kumar Sahoo  1 , Subrata Kumar Palo  1 , Srikanta Kanungo  1 , Jaya Singh Kshatri  1 , Debaprasad Parai  1 , Kamini Walia  2 , Sanghamitra Pati  1 , Debdutta Bhattacharya  1
Affiliations

Social and biological evaluation of antimicrobial resistance (SOBEAR) in rural India: a study protocol

Matrujyoti Pattnaik et al. Front Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been one of the biggest global health threats in recent years, mostly in low- and middle-income countries, which requires urgent research using a multidisciplinary research approach. The use of large quantities of antimicrobial drugs inappropriately for humans, poultry and agriculture has been recognized as a leading cause of antibiotic resistance and the predominance of drug-resistance pathogens in the environment. This protocol aims to describe the use/misuse of antibiotics (ABs) in the community and evaluate clinical samples from healthcare settings to detect genes associated with antimicrobial resistance.

Methods: We will conduct a community-level survey in different villages of the Tigiria block to assess knowledge and awareness on ABs and AMR. We will conduct in-depth interviews (IDIs) with doctors, pharmacists, nurses and drug sellers, as well as focus group discussions (FGDs) with ASHA and ANM workers who are involved in antibiotic supplies to the community. Quantitative data from the community survey and qualitative data of IDIs and FGDs will be linked and analyzed using statistical modeling and iterative thematic content analysis. Specimens (stool, urine, blood and wound/pus) will be collected from clinically diagnosed patients of different healthcare centers of Tigiria block. The samples will be cultured for bacterial isolation and antibiotic sensitivity testing. Genomic DNA will be isolated from positive bacterial cultures and sequenced using PCR to evaluate high-threat multi-drug resistance organisms (MDROs), screening of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, antimicrobial genes responsible for MDR and quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs).

Conclusion: This is the community-based protocol to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, awareness and practices regarding ABs and AMR. The study protocol establishes a foundation for evaluating population-based prevalence and risk factors for AMR and MDROs in rural areas of the Odisha state, India.

Keywords: AMR; antibiotics; biological; protocol; social.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Main components of the community survey and surveillance system.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Geographical study location of Tigiria block with different villages (source: QGIS v3.18).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Individual patient linked database collection tool for rural areas/villages of Tigiria block.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Antimicrobial stewardship framework proposed in our study.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Travis A, Chernova O, Chernov V, Aminov R. Antimicrobial drug discovery; lessons of history and future strategies. Expert Opin Drug Discovery. (2018) 13:983–5. doi: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1515910, PMID: - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ayukekbong JA, Ntemgwa M, Atabe AN. The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: causes and control strategies. Antimicrob Resist Infect Contr. (2017) 6:47. doi: 10.1186/s13756-017-0208-x, PMID: - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gyles C. The growing problem of antimicrobial resistance. Can Vet J. (2011) 52:817–20. PMID: - PMC - PubMed
    1. Balachandra SS, Sawant PS, Huilgol PG, Vithya T, Kumar G, Prasad R. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) at the community level: an urban and rural case study from Karnataka. J Family Med Prim Care. (2021) 10:1404–11. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_888_20, PMID: - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Review on Antimicrobial Resistance . Antimicrobial resistance: tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. (2014).