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. 2023 Sep;35(3):170-176.
doi: 10.4314/mmj.v35i3.6.

Development of rice farming: a cause of the emergence of multiple insecticide resistance in populations of Anopheles gambiae s.l and its impact on human health in Malanville, Bénin

Anges Yadouleton  1   2   3 , Yvette Badou  3 , Falilath Sanoussi  3 , Gildas Hounkanrin  3 , Carine Tchibozo  3 , Praise Adewumi  3 , Lamine Baba-Moussa  4
Affiliations

Development of rice farming: a cause of the emergence of multiple insecticide resistance in populations of Anopheles gambiae s.l and its impact on human health in Malanville, Bénin

Anges Yadouleton et al. Malawi Med J. 2023 Sep.

Abstract

Aim: The rise in rice production in the district of Malanville, Northen Benin, is a present concern, as it has resulted in the widespread usage of pesticides for crop protection. This could impact human health but also life cycle of Anopheles gambiae, the main vector of malaria.

Methods: Therefore, insecticide susceptibility bioassays were carried out on populations of An. gambiae s.l aged to 3-5 days old (two from areas where insecticide is highly used and other two areas of low insecticide use) and subjected to insecticide-impregnated papers (Permethrin 0.75%; deltamethrin 0.05%; DDT 4% and bendiocarb 0.1%) following WHO protocol. Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCRs) were used for the detection of Acethlylcholinestrase (Ace-1) and the knock down resistance (kdr) L1014F mutations in An. gambiae populations. Finally, indirect bioassays were conducted for the investigating on the factors affecting the life cycle of An. gambiae due to the use of pesticides.

Results: An. gambiae from the four sites were resistant to DDT (6 to 8% and 10 to 14% respectively from areas of high and low dose), pyrethroids (22 to 26% and 30 to 36% for permethrin, from areas of high and low dose respectively and 66 to 70% and 72 to 80% for deltamethrin, from high and low dose) but susceptible to carbamate. The kdr L1014F mutation was detected in An. gambiae populations (0.88 to 0.90 and 0.84 to 0.88 from high and low dose, respectively). The ace-1 was detected at low frequencies (<0.002). Bioassays on the impacts of the use of pesticides in the life cycle of An. gambiae showed that soil substrates with pesticides residues have a negative impact on the life cycle eggs of An. gambiae.

Conclusion: These findings confirmed the negative impacts of pesticides use in rice farming and its impacts on the life cycle of An. gambiae.

Keywords: Anopheles gambiae; Benin; Insecticides; Resistance; Rice; life cycle.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest associated with this study.

Figures

Figure 5
Figure 5
Hatching rate of Anopheles eggs from the different breeding sites simulations
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effect of insecticides on the emergence of Anopheles larvae
Figure 1
Figure 1
Map of Benin showing the study area
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mortality rates of Anopheles gambiae s.l. to DDT 4% using WHO bioassay tests
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mortality rates of Anopheles gambiae s.l. to permethrin 0.75% using WHO bioassay tests
Figure 4
Figure 4
Mortality rates of Anopheles gambiae s.l. to deltamethrin 0.75% using WHO bioassay tests
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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