Association between opioid utilization and patient-reported outcome measures following lumbar spine surgery

Abstract

Background context: The patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS), created by the National institute of Health, is a reliable and valid survey for patients with lumbar spine pathology. Preoperative opioid use has been shown to be an important predictor variable of self-reported health status in legacy patient-reported outcome measures.

Purpose: To investigate the impact of chronic preoperative opiate use on PROMIS survey scores.

Study design: Retrospective database analysis.

Patient sample: Between March 2019 and November 2021, 227 patients underwent lumbar decompression ± ≤ 2 level fusion. Fifty-seven patients (25.11%) had chronic preoperative opioid use.

Outcome measures: Oswestry disability index (ODI) and PROMIS survey scores.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained single center patient-reported outcome database was performed with a minimum of 2 year follow-up. PROMIS Anxiety, Depression, Fatigue, Pain Interference (PI), Physical Function (PF), Sleep disturbance (SD), and Social Roles (SR) surveys were recorded at preoperative intake with subsequent follow-up at 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. Patients were grouped into chronic opioid users as defined by >6-month duration of use. Differences in mean survey scores were evaluated using Welch t-tests.

Results: Two hundred and twenty-seven patients met our inclusion criteria of completed PROMIS surveys at the designated timepoints. A total of 57 (25.11%) were chronic opioid users (COU) prior to surgery. Analysis of patient-reported health outcomes shows that long term opioid use correlated with worse ODI and PROMIS scores at baseline compared to nonchronic users (NOU). At 1 and 2 year follow-up, the COU cohort continued to have significantly worse ODI, PROMIS Fatigue, PF, PI, SD, and SR scores. There is a statistical difference in the magnitude of change in health status between the 2 cohorts at 1 year follow-up in PROMIS Depression (-5.04±7.88 vs -2.49±8.73, p=.042), PF (6.25±7.11 vs 9.03±9.04, p=.019), and PI (-7.40±7.37 vs -10.58±9.87, p=.011) and 2 year follow-up in PROMIS PF (5.58±6.84 vs 7.99±9.64, p=.041) and PI (-6.71±8.32 vs -9.62±10.06, p=.032). Mean improvement in PROMIS scores for the COU cohort at 2 year follow-up exceeded minimal clinically important difference (MCID) in all domains except PROMIS Depression, SR and SD.

Conclusion: Patients with chronic opioid use status have worse baseline PROMIS scores compared with patients who had nonchronic use. However, patients in the COU cohort displayed clinically significant postoperative improvement in multiple PROMIS domains. These results show that patients with chronic opioid use can benefit greatly from surgical intervention and will allow physicians to better set expectations with their patients.

Keywords: Depression; Fatigue; Lumbar degenerative; Opiates; Opioids; Oswestry disability index; Patient-reported outcome measurement information system; Physical function.