Risk factors for damage accrual in primary antiphospholipid syndrome: A retrospective single-center cohort study

Abstract

Background: Despite anticoagulant therapy, a antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) has a higher rate of recurrent events, which can lead to damage accrual and a negative impact on life quality.

Objectives: To evaluate the risk factors and APS subsets associated with damage accrual.

Patients/methods: We conducted a retrospective single-center study. We reviewed the medical records of 282 APS patients, with a median age of 36 (IQR 30-46) years and a median of 195 (IQR 137-272) months. The primary endpoint was damage accrual during follow-up, defined as organ/tissue impairment present for at least six months or causing permanent loss. The secondary endpoints were early organ damage within six months of disease onset and death.

Results: Eighty (28.4%) patients presented damage accrual; 52.5% developed damage within six months of APS onset, and 41.3% had more than one organ involved. Neuropsychiatric involvement, affecting 38.8% of the patients, was the most frequent, followed by peripheral vasculopathy and renal involvement, 35% either. Death happened in 7 (2.5 %) patients; damage accrual was associated with a 6-fold risk of death [OR 6.7 (95% CI 1.3-35.1), p = 0.03]. Microangiopathy and non-criteria manifestations were independent risk factors for damage accrual with 5-fold and 4-fold higher risk, respectively [(OR 4.9 (95% CI 2.1-11.7), p < 0.0001 and (OR 3.8 (95% CI 1.5-10.1), p = 0.007]. The cumulative incidence of damage accrual increased by 5.7-fold and 3.6-fold in patients with microangiopathy and non-criteria manifestations.

Conclusions: APS patients had a higher frequency of damage accrual. Microangiopathy and non-criteria manifestations were independent risk factors for damage accrual.

Keywords: Antiphospholipid antibodies; Antiphospholipid syndrome; Damage accrual; Lupus anticoagulant.