Synthesis rifaximin with copper (Rif-Cu) and copper oxide (Rif-CuO) nanoparticles Considerable dye decolorization: An application of aerobic oxidation of eco-friendly sustainable approach

Abstract

In this study, rifaximin with copper (Cu) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesised. The resultant CuO nanoparticles were used to degrade Rhodamine B (RhB) and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (G250). Rifaximin copper and copper oxide nanoparticles were characterised using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and gas chromatography-electrochemical mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS). An FT-IR study confirmed the formation of Cu in the 562 cm^-1 peak range. Rifaximin Cu and CuO Nanoparticles displayed UV absorption peaks at 253 nm and 230 nm, respectively. Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250 was completely decolourised in Cu nanoparticles at 100 %, and Rhodamine B was also decolourised in Rifaximin CuO nanoparticles at 73 %, although Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250 Rifaximin Cu nanoparticles absorbed a high percentage of dye decolorization. The aerobic oxidation of isopropanol conversion was confirmed by GC-MS analysis. Retention time of 27.35 and 30.32 was confirmed using Cu and CuO nanoparticles as the final products of 2-propanone. It is used in the textile and pharmaceutical industries for aerobic alcohol oxidation. Rifaximin CuO nanoparticles highly active in aerobic oxidation. The novelty of this study is that, for the first time, rifaximin was used for the synthesis of copper and copper oxide nanoparticles, and it successfully achieved decolorization and aerobic oxidation.

Keywords: Aerobic oxidation; Coomassie brilliant blue G250; Dye decolorization; Rhodamine B; Rifaximin Cu and CuO nanoparticles.

Graphical abstract

Scheme 1

Synthesis of Cu and CuO Nanoparticles (Rifaximin-Cu-CuO-Nanoparticles).

Scheme 2

Aerobic oxidation of Isopropanol conversion.

Fig. 1

FTIR spectrum of Rifaximin Cu and CuO Nanoparticles.

Fig. 2

UV–Vis spectra of Rifaximin Cu and CuO Nanoparticles.

Fig. 3

Cu2p XPS ranges of Rifaximin-CuO nanoparticles.

Fig. 4

XRD patterns of the Rifaximin Cu and CuO Nanoparticles.

Fig. 5

SEM image of Rifaximin, Rifaximin-Cu and CuO Nanoparticles.

Fig. 6

EDX for Rifaximin (a) Cu nanoparticles, EDX for Rifaximin (b) CuO nanoparticles.

Fig. 7

(a) 20 nm TEM image of Rifaximin-CuO Nanoparticles, (b) HRTEM image of 5 nm (inset: FFT pattern of the matching HRTEM image), (c) Rifaximin CuO lattice fringes, (d) SAED pattern, (e) Cu Kα shell, and (f) O Kα shell.

Scheme 3

Mechanism for Rifaximin CuO Nanoparticles.

Fig. 8

Aerobic Oxidation process of Rifaximin copper and copper oxide nanoparticles.

Fig. 9

Evaporation of Rifaximin Cu and CuO Nanoparticles (Aerobic oxidation).

Fig. 10

GC-MS studies of aerobic oxidation of isopropanol into 2-propanone using Rifaximin- Cu nanoparticles.

Fig. 11

GC-MS studies of aerobic oxidation of isopropanol into 2-propanone using Rifaximin- CuO nanoparticles.

Fig. 12

Mass spectral values of 2-propanone.

Fig. 13

Dye Decolorization: Rifaximin (A), Rifaximin Cu NPs (B) and Rifaximin CuO Nanoparticles (C) in Coomassie brilliant blue G250 Dye. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 14

Dye decolorization: Rifaximin (A), rifaximin Cu nanoparticles (B) and rifaximin CuO nanoparticles (C) in rhodamine B dye.

Scheme 4

Decolourzation Rifaximin of Cu and CuO Nanoparticles in CBB G250 Dye.

Scheme 5

Decolorization Rifaximin of Cu Nanoparticles in Rhodamine B Dye (CuONPs).

Scheme 6

Decolorization Rifaximin of CuO Nanoparticles in Rhodamine B Dye.

Fig. 15

Time-dependent dye decolorization of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G20. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 16

Time-dependent dye decolorization of Rhodamine B.