Efficacy of microchips and 3D sensors for orthodontic force measurement: A systematic review of in vitro studies

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of microchips and 3D microsensors in the measurement of orthodontic forces.

Methods: Through September 2023, comprehensive searches were conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS and SCIELO without restrictions.

Results: After removing duplicate entries and applying the eligibility criteria, 23 studies were included for analysis. All the studies were conducted in vitro, and slightly more than half of them were centred on evaluating orthodontic forces exerted by aligners. Eight utilized microchips as measurement tools, while the remaining studies made use of 3D microsensors for their assessments. In the context of fixed appliances, key findings included a high level of agreement in 3-dimensional orthodontic force detection between simulation results and actual applied forces. Incorporating critical force-moment combinations during smart bracket calibration reduced measurement errors for most components. Translational tooth movement revealed a moment-to-force ratio, aligning with the bracket's centre of resistance. The primary findings in relation to aligners revealed several significant factors affecting the forces exerted by them. Notably, the foil thickness and staging were found to have a considerable impact on these forces, with optimal force transmission occurring at a layer height of 150 μm. Furthermore, the type of material used in 3D-printing aligners influenced the force levels, with attachments proving effective in generating extrusive forces. Deliberate adjustments in aligner thickness were observed to alter the forces and moments generated.

Conclusions: Microchips and 3D sensors provide precise and quantitative measurements of orthodontic forces in in vitro studies, enabling accurate monitoring and control of tooth movement.

Keywords: lab‐on‐a‐chip devices; microchips; orthodontic anchorage procedures; orthodontic appliances.