Advancements in NSCLC: From Pathophysiological Insights to Targeted Treatments

Abstract

With the global incidence of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) on the rise, the development of innovative treatment strategies is increasingly vital. This review underscores the pivotal role of precision medicine in transforming NSCLC management, particularly through the integration of genomic and epigenomic insights to enhance treatment outcomes for patients. We focus on the identification of key gene mutations and examine the evolution and impact of targeted therapies. These therapies have shown encouraging results in improving survival rates and quality of life. Despite numerous gene mutations being identified in association with NSCLC, targeted treatments are available for only a select few. This paper offers an exhaustive analysis of the pathogenesis of NSCLC and reviews the latest advancements in targeted therapeutic approaches. It emphasizes the ongoing necessity for research and development in this domain. In addition, we discuss the current challenges faced in the clinical application of these therapies and the potential directions for future research, including the identification of novel targets and the development of new treatment modalities.

FIGURE 1

Molecular targets and therapeutic interventions in non-small cell lung cancer treatment. The depicted schematic provides a concise overview of the key molecular targets in NSCLC and the suite of targeted therapies designed to intervene. It encompasses a spectrum of inhibitors for pathways such as EGFR, ALK, VEGFR, MET, and RET, as well as agents that modulate the KRAS, BRAF, MEK, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR cascades. Featured as well are the CDK4/6 inhibitors, a novel class of drugs that govern cell cycle progression. Each therapeutic agent is specified by its target, underscoring the targeted approach integral to contemporary NSCLC treatment paradigms.