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Meta-Analysis
. 2024 Feb 20;2(2):CD013591.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013591.pub2.

Mobile health (m-health) smartphone interventions for adolescents and adults with overweight or obesity

Maria-Inti Metzendorf  1 , L Susan Wieland  2 , Bernd Richter  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Mobile health (m-health) smartphone interventions for adolescents and adults with overweight or obesity

Maria-Inti Metzendorf et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Obesity is considered to be a risk factor for various diseases, and its incidence has tripled worldwide since 1975. In addition to potentially being at risk for adverse health outcomes, people with overweight or obesity are often stigmatised. Behaviour change interventions are increasingly delivered as mobile health (m-health) interventions, using smartphone apps and wearables. They are believed to support healthy behaviours at the individual level in a low-threshold manner.

Objectives: To assess the effects of integrated smartphone applications for adolescents and adults with overweight or obesity.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and LILACS, as well as the trials registers ClinicalTrials.gov and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform on 2 October 2023 (date of last search for all databases). We placed no restrictions on the language of publication.

Selection criteria: Participants were adolescents and adults with overweight or obesity. Eligible interventions were integrated smartphone apps using at least two behaviour change techniques. The intervention could target physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, weight loss, healthy diet, or self-efficacy. Comparators included no or minimal intervention (NMI), a different smartphone app, personal coaching, or usual care. Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials of any duration with a follow-up of at least three months.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard Cochrane methodology and the RoB 2 tool. Important outcomes were physical activity, body mass index (BMI) and weight, health-related quality of life, self-efficacy, well-being, change in dietary behaviour, and adverse events. We focused on presenting studies with medium- (6 to < 12 months) and long-term (≥ 12 months) outcomes in our summary of findings table, following recommendations in the core outcome set for behavioural weight management interventions.

Main results: We included 18 studies with 2703 participants. Interventions lasted from 2 to 24 months. The mean BMI in adults ranged from 27 to 50, and the median BMI z-score in adolescents ranged from 2.2 to 2.5. Smartphone app versus no or minimal intervention Thirteen studies compared a smartphone app versus NMI in adults; no studies were available for adolescents. The comparator comprised minimal health advice, handouts, food diaries, smartphone apps unrelated to weight loss, and waiting list. Measures of physical activity: at 12 months' follow-up, a smartphone app compared to NMI probably reduces moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) slightly (mean difference (MD) -28.9 min/week (95% confidence interval (CI) -85.9 to 28; 1 study, 650 participants; moderate-certainty evidence)). We are very uncertain about the results of estimated energy expenditure and cardiorespiratory fitness at eight months' follow-up. A smartphone app compared with NMI probably results in little to no difference in changes in total activity time at 12 months' follow-up and leisure time physical activity at 24 months' follow-up. Anthropometric measures: a smartphone app compared with NMI may reduce BMI (MD of BMI change -2.6 kg/m2, 95% CI -6 to 0.8; 2 studies, 146 participants; very low-certainty evidence) at six to eight months' follow-up, but the evidence is very uncertain. At 12 months' follow-up, a smartphone app probably resulted in little to no difference in BMI change (MD -0.1 kg/m2, 95% CI -0.4 to 0.3; 1 study; 650 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). A smartphone app compared with NMI may result in little to no difference in body weight change (MD -2.5 kg, 95% CI -6.8 to 1.7; 3 studies, 1044 participants; low-certainty evidence) at 12 months' follow-up. At 24 months' follow-up, a smartphone app probably resulted in little to no difference in body weight change (MD 0.7 kg, 95% CI -1.2 to 2.6; 1 study, 245 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). A smartphone app compared with NMI may result in little to no difference in self-efficacy for a physical activity score at eight months' follow-up, but the results are very uncertain. A smartphone app probably results in little to no difference in quality of life and well-being at 12 months (moderate-certainty evidence) and in little to no difference in various measures used to inform dietary behaviour at 12 and 24 months' follow-up. We are very uncertain about adverse events, which were only reported narratively in two studies (very low-certainty evidence). Smartphone app versus another smartphone app Two studies compared different versions of the same app in adults, showing no or minimal differences in outcomes. One study in adults compared two different apps (calorie counting versus ketogenic diet) and suggested a slight reduction in body weight at six months in favour of the ketogenic diet app. No studies were available for adolescents. Smartphone app versus personal coaching Only one study compared a smartphone app with personal coaching in adults, presenting data at three months. Two studies compared these interventions in adolescents. A smartphone app resulted in little to no difference in BMI z-score compared to personal coaching at six months' follow-up (MD 0, 95% CI -0.2 to 0.2; 1 study; 107 participants). Smartphone app versus usual care Only one study compared an app with usual care in adults but only reported data at three months on participant satisfaction. No studies were available for adolescents. We identified 34 ongoing studies.

Authors' conclusions: The available evidence is limited and does not demonstrate a clear benefit of smartphone applications as interventions for adolescents or adults with overweight or obesity. While the number of studies is growing, the evidence remains incomplete due to the high variability of the apps' features, content and components, which complicates direct comparisons and assessment of their effectiveness. Comparisons with either no or minimal intervention or personal coaching show minor effects, which are mostly not clinically significant. Minimal data for adolescents also warrants further research. Evidence is also scarce for low- and middle-income countries as well as for people with different socio-economic and cultural backgrounds. The 34 ongoing studies suggest sustained interest in the topic, with new evidence expected to emerge within the next two years. In practice, clinicians and healthcare practitioners should carefully consider the potential benefits, limitations, and evolving research when recommending smartphone apps to adolescents and adults with overweight or obesity.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02308176 NCT01092364 NCT01744535 NCT02818790 NCT03329079 NCT02595671 NCT02823379 NCT03270423 NCT04165707 NCT03500835 NCT03321331 NCT02829632 NCT03367936 NCT01693250 NCT03465306 NCT03651284 NCT02997943 NCT04708769 NCT01724632 NCT03788915 NCT01738256 NCT03973424 NCT03907462 NCT04465721.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Maria‐Inti Metzendorf (MIM): none known

Lisa Susan Wieland (LSW): none known

Bernd Richter (BR): none known

Figures

1
1
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Smartphone app versus no/minimal intervention in adults, Outcome 1: Physical activity (moderate to vigorous physical activity)
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Smartphone app versus no/minimal intervention in adults, Outcome 2: Physical activity (other measures)
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Smartphone app versus no/minimal intervention in adults, Outcome 3: Anthropometric measures (BMI)
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Smartphone app versus no/minimal intervention in adults, Outcome 4: Anthropometric measures (body weight)
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Smartphone app versus no/minimal intervention in adults, Outcome 5: Self‐efficacy (scores)
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Smartphone app versus no/minimal intervention in adults, Outcome 6: Dietary behaviour (fruit/vegetable intake)
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Smartphone app versus no/minimal intervention in adults, Outcome 7: Dietary behaviour (energy intake)
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Smartphone app versus no/minimal intervention in adults, Outcome 8: Dietary behaviour (other measures ‐ unhealthy)
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Smartphone app versus no/minimal intervention in adults, Outcome 9: Dietary behaviour (other measures ‐ healthy)
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Smartphone app versus personal coach in adults, Outcome 1: Physical activity (moderate to vigorous physical activity)
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Smartphone app versus personal coach in adults, Outcome 2: Physical activity (other measures)
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Smartphone app versus personal coach in adults, Outcome 3: Anthropometric measures (BMI)
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Smartphone app versus personal coach in adults, Outcome 4: Dietary behaviour (energy intake)
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Smartphone app versus personal coach in adults, Outcome 5: Dietary behaviour (other measures ‐ healthy)
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Smartphone app versus personal coach in adolescents, Outcome 1: Anthropometric measures (BMI z‐score)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013591

References

References to studies included in this review

Apiñaniz 2019 {published data only}
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Batch 2014 {published data only}
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EVIDENT3 2022 {published data only}
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Hurkmans 2018 {published data only}
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Joseph 2019 {published data only}
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Kliemann 2019 {published data only}ISRCTN10470937
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L'Allemand 2018 {published and unpublished data}
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Locke 2020 {published data only}
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Nakata 2022 {published data only}
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Roth 2023 {published data only}
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Stephens 2017 {published data only}
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Tanaka 2018 {published data only}
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Van Beurden 2019 {published data only}ISRCTN14886370
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Vidmar 2019 {published data only}
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Wilson 2023 {published data only}
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References to studies excluded from this review

ACTRN12617001622392 2017 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12617001622392. Comparing two smartphone-based cognitive training strategies for improving healthy food choice in adults with overweight and obesity. trialsearch.who.int/?TrialID=ACTRN12617001622392 (first received 13 December 2017).
ACTRN12618000640202 2018 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12618000640202. Right on cue: technologies for managing unhealthy behavioural cues, a pilot study. trialsearch.who.int/?TrialID=ACTRN12618000640202 (first received 23 April 2018).
ACTRN12621000236897 2021 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12621000236897. Assessing effectiveness of weight loss and exercise programs for older adults with sarcopenic obesity delivered via mobile application/s. trialsearch.who.int/?TrialID=ACTRN12621000236897 (first received 5 March 2021).
Ahn 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ahn JS, Lee H, Kim J, Park H, Kim DW, Lee JE. Use of a smartphone app for weight loss versus a paper-based dietary diary in overweight adults: randomized controlled trial. JMIR MHealth and UHealth 2020;8(7):e14013. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Allen 2013 {published data only}
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Anonymous 2016 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Tech-based weight-loss intervention. Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin 2016;54(10):112. [CENTRAL: CN-01288722] [DOI: 10.1136/dtb.2016.10.0428] - DOI
Azar 2015 {published data only}
    1. Azar KM, Koliwad S, Poon T, Xiao L, Lv N, Griggs R, et al. The electronic cardiometabolic program (eCMP): a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes 2015;64:A226. [CENTRAL: CN-01086614] - PMC - PubMed
Bannell 2023 {published data only}
    1. Bannell DJ, France-Ratcliffe M, Buckley BJR, Crozier A, Davies AP, Hesketh KL, et al. Adherence to unsupervised exercise in sedentary individuals: a randomised feasibility trial of two mobile health interventions. Digital Health 2023;9:20552076231183552. [DOI: 10.1177/20552076231183552] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Davies A, Hesketh K, Clarke E, Apperley L, Sprung V, Jones H, et al. Feasibility of integrating an mHealth intervention to increase exercise and physical activity adherence into a weight management service for adolescents with severe obesity: MOTIVATE-WMA. Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2022;95:223. [DOI: 10.1159/000525606] - DOI
Bardus 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bardus M, Hamadeh G, Hayek B, Al Kherfan R. A self-directed mobile intervention (WaznApp) to promote weight control among employees at a lebanese university: protocol for a feasibility pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2018;7(5):e133. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT03321331. A self-directed mobile intervention to promote weight control among employees of a Lebanese university (WaznApp). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03321331 (first received 25 October 2017).
Bender 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bender MS, Cooper BA, Flowers E, Ma R, Arai S. Filipinos Fit and Trim - a feasible and efficacious DPP-based intervention trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 2018;12:76-84. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Brewer 2022 {published data only}
    1. Brewer LC, Jenkins S, Hayes SN, Kumbamu A, Jones C, Burke LE, et al. Community-based, cluster-randomized pilot trial of a cardiovascular mHealth intervention: rationale, design, and baseline findings of the FAITH! trial. American Heart Journal May 2022;247:1-14. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Brindal 2016 {published data only}
    1. Brindal E, Freyne J, Hendrie GA, Noakes M. Results of a randomised control trial evaluating a 24-week weight maintenance intervention delivered via smartphone application. Obesity Reviews 2016;17 Suppl 2:T6:S36:17. [CENTRAL: CN-01160618]
    1. Brindal E, Hendrie GA, Freyne J, Noakes M. A mobile phone app designed to support weight loss maintenance and well-being (MotiMate): randomized controlled trial. JMIR MHealth and UHealth 2019;7(9):e12882. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Brindal E, Hendrie GA, Freyne J. Combining persuasive technology with behavioral theory to support weight maintenance through a mobile phone app: protocol for the MotiMate app. JMIR Research Protocols 2016;5(1):e5. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Burke 2017 {published data only}
    1. Burke LE, Zheng Y, Ma Q, Mancino J, Loar I, Music E, et al. The SMARTER pilot study: testing feasibility of real-time feedback for dietary self-monitoring. Preventive Medicine Reports 2017;6:278-85. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02829632. Feasibility study of receiving feedback messages based on self-monitored dietary intake. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02829632 (first received 12 July 2016).
Burke 2020 {published data only}
    1. Bizhanova Z, Sereika SM, Brooks MM, Rockette-Wagner B, Kariuki JK, Burke LE. Identifying predictors of adherence to the physical activity goal: a secondary analysis of the SMARTER weight loss trial. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2023;55(5):856-64. [DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003114] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bizhanova Z, Sereika SM, Brooks MM, Rockettewagner B, Kariuki JK, Burke LE. Associations between adherence to the physical activity goal and body fat changes in a mHealth weight loss trial. Circulation 2022;146:A15465. [DOI: 10.1161/circ.146.suppl_1.15465] - DOI
    1. Bizhanova Z, Sereika SM, Kariuki JK, Conroy MB, Rockettewagner B, Brooks MM, et al. Temporal patterns of adherence to the physical activity goal in a mobile health weight-loss trial. Circulation 2022;145:P069. [DOI: 10.1161/circ.145.suppl_1.P069] - DOI
    1. Burke LE, Conroy MB, Bizhanova Z, Kariuki JK, Cheng J, Beatrice B, et al. The SMARTER trial: is engagement with mHealth better with daily feedback to self-monitoring compared to no feedback? Circulation 2022;146:A12260. [DOI: 10.1161/circ.146.suppl_1.12260] - DOI
    1. Burke LE, Sereika SM, Bizhanova Z, Parmanto B, Kariuki J, Cheng J, et al. The effect of tailored, daily, smartphone feedback to lifestyle self-monitoring on weight loss at 12 months: the SMARTER randomized clinical trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2022;24(7):e38243. [DOI: 10.2196/38243] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Cattivelli 2018 {published data only}
    1. Cattivelli R, Castelnuovo G, Musetti A, Varallo G, Spatola CAM, Riboni FV, et al. ACTonHEALTH study protocol: promoting psychological flexibility with activity tracker and mHealth tools to foster healthful lifestyle for obesity and other chronic health conditions. Trials 2018;19(1):659. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT03351712. mACTonHEALTH: psychological flexibility and activity tracker - protocol (ACTonHEALTH). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03351712 (first received 24 November 2017).
Chen 2017 {published data only}
    1. Chen JL, Guedes CM, Cooper BA, Lung AE. Short-term efficacy of an innovative mobile phone technology-based intervention for weight management for overweight and obese adolescents: pilot study. Interactive Journal of Medical Research 2017;6(2):e12. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Chen JL, Guedes CM, Lung AE. Erratum: Smartphone-based healthy weight management intervention for Chinese American adolescents: short-term efficacy and factors associated with decreased weight. Journal of Adolescent Health 2019;64(3):418. Erratum for: Journal of Adolescent Health 2019; 64(4):443-9. [2019-11830-014 (APA PsycInfo)] - PubMed
    1. Chen JL, Guedes CM, Lung AE. Smartphone-based healthy weight management intervention for Chinese American adolescents: short-term efficacy and factors associated with decreased weight. Journal of Adolescent Health 2019;64(4):443-9. Erratum in: Journal of Adolescent Health 2019; 64(3):418. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. NCT01693250. iStart smart for teens for healthy weight management. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01693250 (first received 26 September 2012).
ChiCTR1800017463 2018 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1800017463. Clinical observation on the intervention of medical weight management program in obese patients. trialsearch.who.int/?TrialID=ChiCTR1800017463 (first received 31 July 2018).
Christinelli 2022 {published data only}
    1. Christinelli HC, Westphal G, Costa MA, Okawa RT, Nardo Junior N, Fernandes CA. Multiprofessional intervention and telenursing in the treatment of obese people in the COVID-19 pandemic: a pragmatic clinical trial [Intervenção multiprofissional e telenfermagem no tratamento de obesos na pandemia de COVID-19: ensaio clínico pragmático]. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 2022;75(Suppl. 2):e20210059. [DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0059] - DOI - PubMed
DRKS00012593 2017 {published data only}
    1. DRKS00012593. Personalised nutrition and communication - evaluation of an automised personalised nutrition application for optimization of nutrition behaviour. trialsearch.who.int/?TrialID=DRKS00012593 (first received 24 November 2017).
DRKS00026018 2022 {published data only}
    1. DRKS00026018. Smartphone-supported behavioral weight loss treatment in adults with severe obesity: an exploratory randomized-controlled study. drks.de/DRKS00026018 (first received 18 January 2022).
Duncan 2020 {published data only}
    1. Duncan MJ, Fenton S, Brown WJ, Collins CE, Glozier N, Kolt GS, et al. Efficacy of a multi-component m-health weight-loss intervention in overweight and obese adults: a randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020;17(17):6200. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Dunn 2019 {published data only}
    1. Dunn CG, Turner-McGrievy GM, Wilcox S, Hutto B. Dietary self-monitoring through calorie tracking but not through a digital photography app is associated with significant weight loss: the 2SMART pilot study-a 6-month randomized trial. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2019;119(9):1525-32. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. NCT02868853. Self-monitoring assessment in real time (2-SMART). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02868853 (first received 16 August 2016).
Eganyan 2020 {published data only}
    1. Eganyan RA, Kalinina AM, Gorny BE, Izmailova OV, Komkov DS, Kushunina DV, et al. The dynamics of nutrition structure of overweight and obese people during preventive counseling and remote monitoring as part of the international Russian-Japanese study "tackle obesity and metabolic syndrome outcome by diet, activities and checking bw intervention" (RJ-TOMODACHI). Profilakticheskaya Meditsina 2020;23(3):119-30. [CENTRAL: CN-02164712]
Evans 2015 {published data only}
    1. Evans EH, Araujo-Soares V, Adamson A, Batterham AM, Brown H, Campbell M, et al. The NULevel trial of a scalable, technology-assisted weight loss maintenance intervention for obese adults after clinically significant weight loss: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2015;16:421. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Fang 2023 {published data only}
    1. Fang YY, Lee JI, Wu NY, Chang CI, Huang MC, Lee CY, et al. Effect of a novel telehealth device for dietary cognitive behavioral intervention in overweight or obesity care. Scientific Reports 2023;13(1):6441. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33238-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Feng 2023 {published data only}
    1. Feng J, Liu H, Mai S, Su J, Sun J, Zhou J, et al. Protocol of a parallel, randomized controlled trial on the effects of a novel personalized nutrition approach by artificial intelligence in real world scenario. BMC Public Health 2023;23(1):1700. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16434-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Firestone 2020 {published data only}
    1. Firestone R, Cheng S, Dalhousie S, Hughes E, Funaki T, Henry A, et al. Exploring Pasifika wellbeing: findings from a large cluster randomised controlled trial of a mobile health intervention programme. New Zealand Medical Journal 2020;133(1524):82-101. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Foley 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bennett GG, Steinberg D, Askew S, Levine E, Foley P, Batch BC, et al. Effectiveness of an app and provider counseling for obesity treatment in primary care. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2018;55(6):777-86. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Foley P, Steinberg D, Levine E, Askew S, Batch BC, Puleo EM, et al. Track: a randomized controlled trial of a digital health obesity treatment intervention for medically vulnerable primary care patients. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2016;48:12-20. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Frie 2019 {published data only}
    1. Frie K, Hartmann-Boyce J, Jebb SA, Aveyard P. Effectiveness of a self-regulation intervention for weight loss: a randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Health Psychology 2020;25(3):652-76. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Frie K, Hartmann-Boyce J, Jebb SA, Aveyard P. Testing the effectiveness of a weight loss intervention to enhance self-regulation in adults who are obese: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019;9(12):e031572. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Fukuoka 2015 {published data only}
    1. Fukuoka Y, Gay C, Joiner K, Vittinghoff E. A novel mobile phone delivered diabetes prevention program in overweight adults at risk for type 2 diabetes - a randomized controlled trial. Circulation 2014;130(Suppl. 2):A19199. [CENTRAL: CN-01037581]
    1. Fukuoka Y, Gay CL, Joiner KL, Vittinghoff E. A novel diabetes prevention intervention using a mobile app: a randomized controlled trial with overweight adults at risk. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2015;49(2):223-37. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Garcia 2018 {published data only}
    1. Garcia DO, Valdez LA, Bell ML, Humphrey K, Hingle M, McEwen M, et al. A gender- and culturally-sensitive weight loss intervention for Hispanic males: the ANIMO randomized controlled trial pilot study protocol and recruitment methods. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 2018;9:151-63. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Gomez‐Marcos 2018 {published data only}
    1. Gomez-Marcos MA, Patino-Alonso MC, Recio-Rodriguez JI, Agudo-Conde C, Romaguera-Bosch M, Magdalena-Gonzalez O, et al. Short- and long-term effectiveness of a smartphone application for improving measures of adiposity: a randomised clinical trial - EVIDENT II study. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2018;17(6):552-62. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Hales 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hales S, Turner-McGrievy GM, Wilcox S, Davis RE, Fahim A, Huhns M, et al. Trading pounds for points: engagement and weight loss in a mobile health intervention. Digit Health 2017;3:2055207617702252. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hales S, Turner-McGrievy GM, Wilcox S, Fahim A, Davis RE, Huhns M, et al. Social networks for improving healthy weight loss behaviors for overweight and obese adults: a randomized clinical trial of the social pounds off digitally (Social POD) mobile app. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2016;94:81-90. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Hales SB. Refinement and pilot testing social networks for encouraging healthy behaviors: the social pounds off digitally (social POD) study. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2016;77:6-B(E). [2016-42149-033 (APA PsycInfo)]
    1. NCT02344836. The social pounds off digitally (Social POD) study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02344836 (first received 26 January 2015).
Halse 2019 {published data only}
    1. Halse RE, Shoneye CL, Pollard CM, Jancey J, Scott JA, Pratt IS, et al. Improving nutrition and activity behaviors using digital technology and tailored feedback: protocol for the livelighter tailored diet and activity (ToDAy) randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2019;8(2):e12782. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Hernandez‐Reyes 2020a {published data only}
    1. Hernández-Reyes A, Cámara-Martos F, Molina-Luque R, Moreno-Rojas R. Effect of an mHealth intervention using a pedometer app with full in-person counseling on body composition of overweight adults: randomized controlled weight loss trial. JMIR MHealth and UHealth 2020;8(5):e16999. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT03845478. Effect of the prescription of 10,000 steps per day using a pedometer app in the body composition of overweight adults. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03845478 (first received 19 February 2019).
Hernandez‐Reyes 2020b {published data only}
    1. Hernandez-Reyes A, Camara-Martos F, Molina Recio G, Molina-Luque R, Romero-Saldana M, Moreno Rojas R. Push notifications from a mobile app to improve the body composition of overweight or obese women: randomized controlled trial. JMIR MHealth and UHealth 2020;8(2):e13747. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hernandez-Reyes A, Molina-Recio G, Molina-Luque R, Romero-Saldana M, Camara-Martos F, Moreno-Rojas R. Effectiveness of PUSH notifications from a mobile app for improving the body composition of overweight or obese women: a protocol of a three-armed randomized controlled trial. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2020;20(1):40. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT03911583. Effectiveness of push notifications from a mobile app for improving the body composition of overweight or obese women. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03911583 (first received 11 April 2019).
Hong 2022 {published data only}
    1. Hong J, Kim SW, Joo H, Kong HJ. Effects of smartphone mirroring-based telepresence exercise on body composition and physical function in obese older women. Aging Clinical & Experimental Research 2022;34(5):1113-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s40520-021-02033-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
JPRN‐UMIN000046892 2022 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000046892. Randomized controlled trial for evaluation of behavior change by peer support type habituation app for people who are actively supported by specific health guidance (PEER-App Study). trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000046892 (first received 14 February 2022).
JPRN‐UMIN000050437 2023 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000050437. Online weight-loss trial of intermittent fasting. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000050437 (first received 27 February 2023).
KCT0007780 2022 {published data only}
    1. KCT0007780. Effects of an online weight management education program on various factors for overweight and obese women: randomized controlled trial. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=KCT0007780 (first received 7 July 2022).
KCT0008192 2023 {published data only}
    1. KCT0008192. Community based intervention study for morbid obesity using monitoring platform of healthcare in children and adolescents. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=KCT0008192 (first received 16 February 2023).
Kim 2020 {published data only}
    1. Kim M, Choi S, Choi H, Lee Y, Lee S, Kim Y. Developing and validating clinical efficacy for obesity digital CBT model. European Psychiatry 2018;48:S227. [CENTRAL: CN-01619700]
    1. Kim M, Kim Y, Go Y, Lee S, Na M, Lee Y, et al. Multidimensional cognitive behavioral therapy for obesity applied by psychologists using a digital platform: open-label randomized controlled trial. JMIR MHealth and UHealth 2020;8(4):e14817. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kim M, Yang J, Ahn WY, Choi HJ. Machine learning analysis to identify digital behavioral phenotypes for engagement and health outcome efficacy of an mhealth intervention for obesity: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2021;23(6):e27218. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT03465306. Developing and validating clinical efficacy for obesity digital CBT model. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03465306 (first received 14 March 2018).
Kondo 2022 {published data only}
    1. Kondo M, Okitsu T, Waki K, Yamauchi T, Nangaku M, Ohe K. Effect of information and communication technology-based self-management system DialBeticsLite on treating abdominal obesity in the specific health guidance in Japan: randomized controlled trial. JMIR Formative Research 2022;6(3):e33852. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Kulikova 2022 {published data only}
    1. Kulikova MS, Kalinina AM, Eganyan RA, Kontsevaya AV, Drapkina OM. Use of mobile health tools in controlling overweight and eating habits: results of a Russian multicenter randomized trial. Profilakticheskaya meditsina 2022;25(12):46‐54. [DOI: 10.17116/profmed20222512146] - DOI
    1. Kulikova MS, Kalinina AM, Kontsevaya AV, Drapkina OM. Remote control of weight loss using the Doctor PM mobile app: the views of patients and healthcare professionals. Profilakticheskaya meditsina 2022;25(10):35‐43. [DOI: 10.17116/profmed20222510135] - DOI
Kurscheid 2019 {published data only}
    1. Kurscheid T, Redaelli M, Heinen A, Hahmann P, Behle K, Frobose I. App-controlled feedback devices can support sustainability of weight loss. Multicentre QUANT-study shows additional weight loss and gain of QoL via multiple feedback-devices in OPTIFAST R52-program. Zeitschrift Fuer Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie 2019;65(3):224-38. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Kurtzman 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kurtzman GW, Day SC, Small DS, Lynch M, Zhu J, Wang W, et al. Social incentives and gamification to promote weight loss: the LOSE IT randomized, controlled trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2018;33(10):1669-75. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02564445. Using social incentives and gamification for weight loss promotion. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02564445 (first received 30 September 2015).
Kyle 2020 {published data only}
    1. Kyle R, Jones S, Roycroft-Davis S. Revolutionising participants' health and wellbeing through neuro-reprogramming via the Slimpod((R)) app: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of General Practice 2020;70(Suppl. 1):bjgp20X711701. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Laing 2014 {published data only}
    1. Laing BY, Mangione CM, Tseng CH, Leng M, Vaisberg E, Mahida M, et al. Effectiveness of a smartphone application for weight loss compared with usual care in overweight primary care patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2014;161(10 Suppl.):S5-12. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01650337. mFit: the mobile fitness project. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01650337 (first received 26 July 2012).
LaRose 2021 {published data only}
    1. LaRose JG, Leahey TM, Lanoye A, Bean MK, Tate DF, Fava JL, et al. Behavioral weight loss in emerging adults: design and rationale for the Richmond Emerging Adults Choosing Health (REACH) randomized clinical trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2021;107:106426. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Leahey 2020 {published data only}
    1. Leahey TM, Gorin AA, Wyckoff E, Denmat Z, O'Connor K, Field C, et al. Episodic future thinking, delay discounting, and exercise during weight loss maintenance: the PACE trial. Health Psychology 2020;39(9):796-805. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Madrona Marcos 2019 {published data only}
    1. Madrona Marcos F, Panisello Royo JM, Tarraga Marcos ML, Rosich N, Carbayo Herencia JA, Alins J, et al. Effect of a motivational physical activity program on lipid parameters in patients with obesity and overweight. Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis 2019;31(6):245-50. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Mameli 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mameli C, Brunetti D, Colombo V, Bedogni G, Schneider L, Penagini F, et al. Combined use of a wristband and a smartphone to reduce body weight in obese children: randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Obesity 2018;13(2):81-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Martin 2010 {published data only}
    1. Martin CK, Chellino A, Correa JB, Johnson WD, Church TS. Efficacy of an e-Health intervention at promoting weight loss through remote delivery of services: preliminary results from a randomized controlled trial. Obesity Reviews 2010;11:240. [CENTRAL: CN-01785765]
    1. Martin CK, Miller AC, Thomas DM, Champagne CM, Han H, Church T. Efficacy of SmartLoss, a smartphone-based weight loss intervention: results from a randomized controlled trial. Obesity 2015;23(5):935-42. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00883350. Evaluation of the remote intervention for diet and exercise (RIDE). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00883350 (first received 17 April 2009).
Martineta 2019 {published data only}
    1. Martineta M, Agustina R, Febriyanti E, Putri M, Purnamasari D. A balanced-sustainable calorie-restricted diet effect using "Eats up" application on waist circumference and inflammatory marker among Indonesian obese women: randomized clinical trial (171). Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2019;75(Suppl. 3):62. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Mâsse 2020 {published data only}
    1. De-Jongh Gonzalez O, Tugault-Lafleur CN, Buckler EJ, Hamilton J, Ho J, Buchholz A, et al. The Aim2Be mHealth intervention for children with overweight or obesity and their parents: person-centered analyses to uncover digital phenotypes. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2022;24(6):e35285. [DOI: 10.2196/35285] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Masse LC, Vlaar J, Macdonald J, Bradbury J, Warshawski T, Buckler EJ, et al. Aim2Be mHealth intervention for children with overweight and obesity: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020;21(1):132. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT03651284. Investigating the efficacy of a mobile app intervention to change youth and their families' health behaviours. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03651284 (first received 29 August 2018).
    1. Tugault-Lafleur CN, De-Jongh González O, Macdonald J, Bradbury J, Warshawski T, Ball GDC, et al. Efficacy of the Aim2Be intervention in changing lifestyle behaviors among adolescents with overweight and obesity: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e38545. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Mateo 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mateo KF. A mobile health app for weight loss that incorporates social networking. Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management 2016;23(11):498-500. [CENTRAL: CN-01291895]
Mateo‐Orcajada 2023 {published data only}
    1. Mateo-Orcajada A, Vaquero-Cristobal R, Abenza-Cano L. Influence of Pokemon Go playing style on physical activity and its effect on kinanthropometry variables and body composition in adolescents. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2023;20(10):934-47. [DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2023-0140] - DOI - PubMed
Mendes dos Santos 2023 {published data only}
    1. Mendes dos Santos M, Bertoletti De Marchi AC, Brosina de Leon E, Gomes Roque L. Health behaviour change and activation in e-health weight loss intervention for elderly: a randomised clinical trial. Behaviour & Information Technology 2023:1-16. [DOI: 10.1080/0144929x.2023.2222181] - DOI
Mendoza‐Vasconez 2022 {published data only}
    1. Mendoza-Vasconez AS, Solis Becerra E, Badii N, Crespo N, Hurst S, Larsen B, et al. Regular and app-enhanced maintenance of physical activity among latinas: a feasibility study. Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine 2022;7(1):e000188. [DOI: 10.1249/tjx.0000000000000188] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Miller 2023 {published data only}
    1. Miller NA, Ehmann MM, Hagerman CJ, Forman EM, Arigo D, Spring B, et al. Sharing digital self-monitoring data with others to enhance long-term weight loss: a randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2023;129:107201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2023.107201] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mummah 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mummah S, Robinson TN, Mathur M, Farzinkhou S, Sutton S, Gardner CD. Effect of a mobile app intervention on vegetable consumption in overweight adults: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition & Physical Activity 2017;14(1):125. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mummah SA, Mathur M, King AC, Gardner CD, Sutton S. Mobile technology for vegetable consumption: a randomized controlled pilot study in overweight adults. JMIR MHealth and UHealth 2016;4(2):e51. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01826591. DIETFITS study (diet intervention examining the factors interacting with treatment success). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01826591 (first received 8 April 2013).
NCT01537796 2012 {published data only}
    1. NCT01537796. Comparison of a technology-based system and an in-person behavioral weight loss intervention in the severely obese. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01537796 (first received 23 February 2012).
NCT02249611 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT02249611. Application of MT in subjects with overweight/metabolic abnormality - RCT. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02249611 (first received 25 September 2014).
NCT02338765 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT02338765. MoTHER buddy program. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02338765 (first received 14 January 2015).
NCT02438059 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT02438059. SoSu-liv. Mobile media for health promotion. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02438059 (first received 8 May 2015).
NCT02615171 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT02615171. RELAX: a mobile application suite targeting obesity and stress. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02615171 (first received 26 November 2015).
NCT03003403 2016 {published data only}
    1. NCT03003403. Balance: a pragmatic trial of a digital health intervention to prevent weight gain in primary care. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03003403 (fist received 28 December 2016).
NCT03083964 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT03083964. Addressing place and people micro environments in weight loss disparities (APP-ME). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03083964 (first received 20 March 2017).
NCT03336047 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT03336047. The effect of personal activity intelligence versus 10,000 steps daily on cardiorespiratory fitness. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03336047 (first received 8 November 2017).
NCT03375853 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT03375853. Computerized response training obesity treatment (CC). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03375853 (first received 18 December 2017).
NCT03423966 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03423966. Smartphone pedometers and body mass of overweight and obese clients. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03423966 (first received 6 February 2018).
NCT03602001 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03602001. Attentive eating for weight loss. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03602001 (first received 26 July 2018).
NCT03805516 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03805516. Central obesity and cancer prevention for Chinese American women. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03805516 (first received 15 January 2019).
NCT03930238 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03930238. Increasing steps per day in rural veterans. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03930238 (first received 29 April 2019).
NCT04026971 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT04026971. The effect of phone application supported nutrition education on weight loss. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04026971 (first received 19 July 2019).
NCT04055259 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT04055259. A mobile health and wellness coaching intervention for weight loss. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04055259 (first received 13 August 2019).
NCT04201028 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT04201028. A remote delivered lifestyle therapeutics program [Telehealth program in usual care setting]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04201028 (first received 16 December 2019).
NCT04326660 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT04326660. SCOPE - Chinese women study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04326660 2020.
NCT04514900 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT04514900. Exploring optimal treatment components for contactless online group-based behavioral weight loss program (iREACH). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04514900 (first received 17 August 2020).
NCT04534088 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT04534088. A virtual-reality based approach to improve behavioral weight management outcomes. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04534088 (first received 1 September 2020).
NCT04639076 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT04639076. Study of a personalized vs. standard approach to weight loss recommendations (mPWR). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04639076 (first received 20 November 2020).
NCT04784585 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT04784585. Miro-randomized trial for optimizing a JITAI to reduce dietary lapses in obesity treatment. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04784585 (first received 5 March 2021).
NCT04887077 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT04887077. Digital intervention promoting physical activity among obese people (DIPPAO). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04887077 (first received 14 May 2021).
NCT05249465 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT05249465. Spark: finding the optimal tracking strategy for weight loss in a digital health intervention. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05249465 (first received 21 February 2022).
NCT05625061 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT05625061. Just-in-time adaptive intervention messaging in a digital weight loss intervention for young adults. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05625061 (first received 14 November 2022).
NCT05861973 2027 {published data only}
    1. NCT05861973. SMARTer weight loss management. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05861973 (first received 8 May 2023).
Nezami 2017 {published data only}
    1. Nezami BT. Healthy Weight Behaviors and Weight Change in Parents and Preschool-Aged Children. 11-B(E) edition. Vol. 77. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 2017. [2016-58394-039 (APA PsycInfo)]
Ni Mhurchu 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ni Mhurchu C, Whittaker R, McRobbie H, Ball K, Crawford D, Michie J, et al. Feasibility, acceptability and potential effectiveness of a mobile health (mHealth) weight management programme for New Zealand adults. BMC Obesity 2014;1:10. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Nollen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Nollen NL, Mayo MS, Carlson SE, Rapoff MA, Goggin KJ, Ellerbeck EF. Mobile technology for obesity prevention: a randomized pilot study in racial- and ethnic-minority girls. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2014;46(4):404-8. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Novello 2015 {published data only}
    1. Novello S, Roberts S, Masters W. Self-weighing increases weight loss in free-living adults: a double-blind randomized field trial among 200,000 health app users. FASEB Journal 2015;29:1 Meeting Abstracts. [CENTRAL: CN-01080552]
O'Malley 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT01804855. Effectiveness of a smartphone app for adolescent obesity management. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01804855 (first received 5 March 2013).
    1. O'Malley G, Clarke M, Burls A, Murphy S, Murphy N, Perry IJ. A smartphone intervention for adolescent obesity: study protocol for a randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. Trials 2014;15:43. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. O'Malley G, Perry IJ, Brinkley A, Sheridan N, Dowdall G, Murphy S, et al. Exploring the clinical effectiveness of a mobile health intervention for adolescent weight management (AD06-05). Obesity Reviews 2020;21(Suppl. 1):34. [CENTRAL: CN-02230349]
O'Neill 2016 {published data only}
    1. O'Neill J, Daniel TO, Epstein LH. Episodic future thinking reduces eating in a food court. Eating Behaviors 2016;20:9-13. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Oddsson 2017 {published data only}
    1. Oddsson S. Effects of a gamified mobile application to support a lifestyle-change program in adults: a controlled pilot. Diabetes 2017;66:A42. [CENTRAL: CN-01724274]
Oh 2015 {published data only}
    1. Lee CH, Cheung B, Yi GH, Oh B, Oh YH. Mobile health, physical activity, and obesity: subanalysis of a randomized controlled trial. Medicine 2018;97(38):e12309. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Oh B, Cho B, Han MK, Choi H, Lee MN, Kang HC, et al. The effectiveness of mobile phone-based care for weight control in metabolic syndrome patients: randomized controlled trial. JMIR MHealth and UHealth 2015;3(3):e83. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Oh B, Yi GH, Han MK, Kim JS, Lee CH, Cho B, et al. Importance of active participation in obesity management through mobile health care programs: substudy of a randomized controlled trial. JMIR MHealth and UHealth 2018;6(1):e2. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Pagoto 2021 {published data only}
    1. Pagoto S, Tulu B, Waring ME, Goetz J, Bibeau J, Divito J, et al. Slip Buddy app for weight management: randomized feasibility trial of a dietary lapse tracking app. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2021;9(4):e24249. [DOI: 10.2196/24249] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Partridge 2015 {published data only}
    1. Partridge SR, Allman-Farinelli M, McGeechan K, Balestracci K, Wong AT, Hebden L, et al. Process evaluation of TXT2BFiT: a multi-component mHealth randomised controlled trial to prevent weight gain in young adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition & Physical Activity 2016;13:7. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Partridge SR, Balestracci K, Wong AT, Hebden L, McGeechanK, Denney-Wilson E, et al. Effective strategies to recruit young adults into the TXT2BFiT mhealth randomized controlled trial for weight gain prevention. JMIR Research Protocols 2015;4(2):e66. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Partridge SR, McGeechan K, Bauman A, Phongsavan P, Allman-Farinelli M. Improved confidence in performing nutrition and physical activity behaviours mediates behavioural change in young adults: mediation results of a randomised controlled mHealth intervention. Appetite 2017;108:425-33. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Partridge SR, McGeechan K, Bauman A, Phongsavan P, Allman-Farinelli M. Improved eating behaviours mediate weight gain prevention of young adults: moderation and mediation results of a randomised controlled trial of TXT2BFiT, mHealth program. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition & Physical Activity 2016;13:44. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Partridge SR, McGeechan K, Hebden L, Balestracci K, Wong AT, Denney-Wilson E, et al. Effectiveness of a mhealth lifestyle program with telephone support (TXT2BFiT) to prevent unhealthy weight gain in young adults: randomized controlled trial. JMIR MHealth and UHealth 2015;3(2):e66. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Patel 2018 {published data only}
    1. Patel MS, Volpp KG, Rosin R, Bellamy SL, Small DS, Heuer J, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of lottery-based financial incentives to increase physical activity among overweight and obese adults. American Journal of Health Promotion 2018;32(7):1568-75. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Patel 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03254953. GoalTracker: comparing self-monitoring strategies for weight loss. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03254953 (first received 21 August 2017).
    1. Patel ML, Brooks TL, Bennett GG. Consistent self-monitoring in a commercial app-based intervention for weight loss: results from a randomized trial. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2020;43(3):391-401. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Patel ML, Hopkins CM, Bennett G. Early weight loss in a standalone mHealth intervention predicting treatment success. Obesity Science & Practice 2019;5(3):231-7. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Patel ML, Hopkins CM, Brooks TL, Bennett GG. Comparing self-monitoring strategies for weight loss in a smartphone app: randomized controlled trial. JMIR MHealth and UHealth 2019;7(2):e12209. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Patel ML. Comparing Self-Monitoring Strategies for Weight Loss: Does Developing Mastery Before Diet Tracking Enhance Engagement?. 2-B(E) edition. Vol. 80. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 2019. [2018-58620-287 (APA PsycInfo)]
Patrick 2014 {published data only}
    1. Godino JG, Merchant G, Norman GJ, Donohue MC, Marshall SJ, Fowler JH, et al. Using social and mobile tools for weight loss in overweight and obese young adults (Project SMART): a 2 year, parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology 2016;4(9):747-55. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Patrick K, Marshall SJ, Davila EP, Kolodziejczyk JK, Fowler JH, Calfas KJ, et al. Design and implementation of a randomized controlled social and mobile weight loss trial for young adults (project SMART). Contemporary Clinical Trials 2014;37(1):10-8. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Pellegrini 2012 {published data only}
    1. NCT01051713. Engaged: e-networks guiding adherence to goals for exercise and diet. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01051713 (first received 18 January 2010).
    1. Pellegrini CA, Duncan JM, Moller AC, Buscemi J, Sularz A, DeMott A, et al. A smartphone-supported weight loss program: design of the ENGAGED randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2012;12:1041. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Spring B, Pellegrini CA, Pfammatter A, Duncan JM, Pictor A, McFadden HG, et al. Effects of an abbreviated obesity intervention supported by mobile technology: the ENGAGED randomized clinical trial. Obesity 2017;25(7):1191-8. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Perez‐Lopez 2022 {published data only}
    1. Perez-Lopez IJ, Navarro-Mateos C, Mora-Gonzalez J. "STAR WARS: the first Jedi" gamification program: use of a mobile app to improve body composition in college students. Games for Health Journal 2022;11(5):321‐9. [DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2022.0046] - DOI - PubMed
Pfammatter 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT02997943. SMART weight loss management. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02997943 (first received 20 December 2016).
    1. Pfammatter AF, Nahum-Shani I, DeZelar M, Scanlan L, McFadden HG, Siddique J, et al. SMART: study protocol for a sequential multiple assignment randomized controlled trial to optimize weight loss management. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2019;82:36-45. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Spring B, Pfammatter A, Marchese S, Martindale L, McFadden HG, Battalio S, et al. Do digital interventions overcome socio-demographic differences in weight loss initiation? Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2020;28 Suppl 2:Oral 032. [CENTRAL: CN-02259902]
    1. Spring B, Pfammatter A, Scanlan L, Gene H, Marchese S, Siddique J, et al. How low can we go? Optimal first line and augmentation treatment tactics for obesity stepped care. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2020;28(Suppl. 2):Poster 216. [CENTRAL: CN-02259875]
Pfammatter 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT04708769. Elements vital to treat obesity study (EVO). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04708769 (first received 14 January 2021).
    1. Pfammatter AF, Battalio SL, Olvera C, DeZelar M, Moore D, Scanlan L, et al. The EVO study protocol for a randomized controlled evaluation trial of an optimized weight management intervention. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2022;116:106750. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Pretlow 2020 {published data only}
    1. Pretlow RA, Stock CM, Roeger L, Allison S. Treatment of the sensory and motor components of urges to eat (eating addiction?): a mobile-health pilot study for obesity in young people. Eating and Weight Disorders 2020;25(6):1779-87. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
RBR‐7bxzh2r 2021 {published data only}
    1. RBR-7bxzh2r. Smartphone application in the treatment of obesity in adolescents. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=RBR-7bxzh2r (first received 17 August 2021).
Reik 2020 {published data only}
    1. Reik A, Holzapfel C. Randomized controlled lifestyle intervention (LION) study for weight loss and maintenance in adults with obesity - design and methods. Frontiers in Nutrition 2020;7:586985. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Ross 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ross KM, Wing RR. Impact of newer self-monitoring technology and brief phone-based intervention on weight loss: a randomized pilot study. Obesity 2016;24(8):1653-9. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Rowland 2022 {published data only}
    1. Rowland SA, Ramos AK, Trinidad N, Quintero S, Johnson-Beller R, Struwe L, et al. mHealth intervention to improve cardiometabolic health in rural Hispanic adults: a pilot study. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2022;37(5):439-45. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Ruf 2021 {published data only}
    1. Ruf A, Koch ED, Ebner-Priemer U, Knopf M, Reif A, Matura S. Studying microtemporal, within-person processes of diet, physical activity, and related factors using the APPetite-mobile-app: feasibility, usability, and validation study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2021;23(7):e25850. [DOI: 10.2196/25850] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Seekaew 2015 {published data only}
    1. Seekaew P, Jay M. Encouraging use of the MyFitnessPal app does not lead to weight loss in primary care patients. Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management 2015;22(11):488-91. [CENTRAL: CN-01104616]
Senarath 2019 {published data only}
    1. Senarath U, Katulanda P, Fernando DN, Kalupahana NS, Partheepan K, Jayawardena R, et al. mHealth nutrition and lifestyle intervention (mHENAL) to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in a middle-aged, overweight and obese population in Sri Lanka: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 2019;16:100453. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Shaw 2019 {published data only}
    1. Shaw R, Levine E, Streicher M, Strawbridge E, Gierisch J, Pendergast J, et al. Log2Lose: Development and lessons learned from a mobile technology weight loss intervention. JMIR MHealth and UHealth 2019;7(2):e11972. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Shin 2016 {published data only}
    1. Shin DW, Joh HK, Yun JM, Kwon HT, Lee H, Min H, et al. Design and baseline characteristics of participants in the enhancing physical activity and reducing obesity through smartcare and financial incentives (EPAROSFI): a pilot randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2016;47:115-22. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Shin DW, Yun JM, Shin JH, Kwon H, Min HY, Joh HK, et al. Enhancing physical activity and reducing obesity through smartcare and financial incentives: a pilot randomized trial. Obesity 2017;25(2):302-10. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Spring 2013 {published data only}
    1. Spring B, Duncan JM, Janke EA, Kozak AT, McFadden HG, DeMott A, et al. Integrating technology into standard weight loss treatment: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA Internal Medicine 2013;173(2):105-11. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Steinberg 2017 {published data only}
    1. Steinberg DM, Christy J, Batch BC, Askew S, Moore RH, Parker P, et al. Preventing weight gain improves sleep quality among Black women: results from a RCT. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2017;51(4):555-66. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Stewart 2015 {published data only}
    1. Stewart KJ, Katz J, Dobrosielski M, Ouyang P. A mobile health driven walking program improves quality of life but not fitness or fatness in obese sedentary women. Circulation 2015;132:A15928. [CENTRAL: CN-01199029]
Stubbs 2017 {published data only}
    1. Heitmann BL, Larsen S, Marques M, Horgan G, Duarte C, Palmeira A, et al. The what, where and whys of the NoHoW project. Obesity Reviews 2020;21(S1):AS8-01. [CENTRAL: CN-02229833]
    1. ISRCTN88405328. Evidence-based information and communications technology tools for weight loss maintenance. trialsearch.who.int/?TrialID=ISRCTN88405328 (first received 22 December 2016).
    1. Scott SE, Duarte C, Encantado J, Evans EH, Harjumaa M, Heitmann B L, et al. The NoHoW protocol: a multicentre 2x2 factorial randomised controlled trial investigating an evidence-based digital toolkit for weight loss maintenance in European adults. BMJ Open 2019;9(9):e029425. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stubbs RJ, Heitmann BL, Sniehotta FF, Teixeira PJ, Matos M, Horgan G, et al. NoHoW: evidence-based ICT tools for weight loss maintenance. Meeting Abstract: T7:PO.019. Obesity Facts 2015;8(Suppl. 1):127. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Stubbs RJ. Developing tools for weight loss maintenance: the NoHoW toolkit. Obesity Facts 2017;10:42. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Taylor 2015 {published data only}
    1. Taylor RW, Roy M, Jospe MR, Osborne HR, Meredith-Jones KJ, Williams SM, et al. Determining how best to support overweight adults to adhere to lifestyle change: protocol for the SWIFT study. BMC Public Health 2015;15:861. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Thomas 2019 {published data only}
    1. Goldstein SP, Goldstein CM, Bond DS, Raynor HA, Wing RR, Thomas JG. Associations between self-monitoring and weight change in behavioral weight loss interventions. Health Psychology 2019;38(12):1128-36. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01724632. LIVE SMART: smartphone intervention for weight control. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01724632 (first received 12 November 2012).
    1. Thomas JG, Bond DS, Raynor HA, Papandonatos GD, Wing RR. Comparison of smartphone-based behavioral obesity treatment with gold standard group treatment and control: a randomized trial. Obesity 2019;27(4):572-80. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Thompson‐Felty 2017 {published data only}
    1. Thompson-Felty C, Johnston CS. Adherence to diet applications using a smartphone was associated with weight loss in healthy overweight adults irrespective of the application. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 2017;11(1):184-5. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Thorgeirsson 2021 {published data only}
    1. Thorgeirsson T, Torfadottir JE, Egilsson E, Oddsson S, Gunnarsdottir T, Aspelund T, et al. Randomized trial for weight loss using a digital therapeutic application. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 2022;16(5):1150-8. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Timpel 2018 {published data only}
    1. Timpel P, Cesena FHY, da Silva Costa C, Soldatelli MD, Gois E Jr, Castrillon E, et al. Efficacy of gamification-based smartphone application for weight loss in overweight and obese adolescents: study protocol for a phase II randomized controlled trial. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism 2018;9(6):167-76. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Turner‐McGrievy 2011 {published data only}
    1. NCT01139255. Pounds off digitally (POD): the use of podcasting and mobile media to promote weight loss. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01139255 (first received 8 June 2010).
    1. Turner-McGrievy G, Tate D. Tweets, apps, and pods: results of the 6-month mobile pounds off digitally (mobile POD) randomized weight-loss intervention among adults. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2011;13(4):e120. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Turner-McGrievy G, Tate DF, Boyle A. Tweets, apps, and pods: results of a 6-month, mobile media, weight loss intervention. Obesity 2011;19:S96. [CENTRAL: CN-01034801] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Turner-McGrievy GM, Beets MW, Moore JB, Kaczynski AT, Barr-Anderson DJ, Tate DF. Comparison of traditional versus mobile app self-monitoring of physical activity and dietary intake among overweight adults participating in an mhealth weight loss program. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2013;20(3):513-8. [DOI: 10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001510] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Turner-McGrievy GM, Tate DF. Are we sure that mobile health is really mobile? An examination of mobile device use during two remotely-delivered weight loss interventions. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2014;83(5):313-9. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Turner‐McGrievy 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT02632461. Dietary intervention examining tracking with mobile devices. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02632461 (first received 16 December 2015).
    1. Turner-McGrievy GM, Crimarco A, Wilcox S, Boutte AK, Hutto BE, Muth ER, et al. The role of self-efficacy and information processing in weight loss during an mHealth behavioral intervention. Digital Health 2020;6:2055207620976755. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Turner-McGrievy GM, Dunn CG, Wilcox S, Boutte AK, Hutto B, Hoover A, et al. Defining adherence to mobile dietary self-monitoring and assessing tracking over time: tracking at least two eating occasions per day is best marker of adherence within two different mobile health randomized weight loss interventions. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2019;119(9):1516-24. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Turner-McGrievy GM, Wilcox S, Boutte A, Hutto BE, Singletary C, Muth ER, et al. Erratum to: The dietary intervention to enhance tracking with mobile devices (DIET Mobile) study: a 6-month randomized weight loss trial: mobile diet self-monitoring for weight loss. Obesity 2017;25(12):2156-7. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Turner-McGrievy GM, Wilcox S, Boutte A, Hutto BE, Singletary C, Muth ER, et al. The dietary intervention to enhance tracking with mobile devices (DIET Mobile) study: a 6-month randomized weight loss trial. Obesity 2017;25(8):1336-42. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Vaz 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT02742662. Smart technology for weight loss and metabolic health. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02742662 (first received 19 April 2016).
    1. Vaz CL, Carnes N, Pousti B, Zhao H, Williams K J. A randomized controlled trial of an innovative, user-friendly, interactive smartphone app-based lifestyle intervention for weight loss. Obesity science & practice 2021;7(5):555-68. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Vaz CL, Suthar AG, Pousti BT, Aye SM, Williams KJ, Zhao H. A smartphone app-based lifestyle intervention promotes weight loss-results of a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial (RCT). Diabetes 2018;67:A543. [CENTRAL: CN-01631253]
Wharton 2014 {published data only}
    1. Wharton CM, Johnston CS, Cunningham BK, Sterner D. Dietary self-monitoring, but not dietary quality, improves with use of smartphone app technology in an 8-week weight loss trial. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2014;46(5):440-4. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Wipfli 2019 {published data only}
    1. Wipfli B, Hanson G, Anger K, Elliot DL, Bodner T, Stevens V, et al. Process evaluation of a mobile weight loss intervention for truck drivers. Safetey and Health at Work 2019;10(1):95-102. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Wongtongtair 2021 {published data only}
    1. Wongtongtair S, Iamsupasit S, Somrongthong R, Kumar R, Yamarat K. Comparison of mobile health education messages verses face-to-face consultation for weight reduction among overweight female adolescents in Thailand. F1000Research 2021;10:635. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51156.2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Yoshimura 2022 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000033397. The effect of using smartphone application during weight loss support on step counts. trialsearch.who.int/?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000033397 (first received 10 February 2019).
    1. Yoshimura E, Tajiri E, Michiwaki R, Matsumoto N, Hatamoto Y, Tanaka S. Long-term effects of the use of a step count-specific smartphone app on physical activity and weight loss: randomized controlled clinical trial. JMIR MHealth and UHealth 2022;10(10):e35628. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2021 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1900023355. Study for the health promotion effect of 'YingDong health' intelligent health management intervention on people with abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism. www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=38976 (first received 23 May 2019).
    1. Zhang N, Zhou M, Li M, Ma G. Effects of smartphone-based remote interventions on dietary intake, physical activity, weight control, and related health benefits among the older population with overweight and obesity in China: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e41926. [DOI: 10.2196/41926] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zhang Y, Guo X, Zhang N, Yan X, Li M, Zhou M, et al. Effect of mobile-based lifestyle intervention on body weight, glucose and lipid metabolism among the overweight and obese elderly population in China: a randomized controlled trial protocol. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health 2021;18(9):4854. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zhou M, Zhang N, Zhang Y, Yan X, Li M, Guo W, et al. Effect of mobile-based lifestyle intervention on weight loss among the overweight and obese elderly population in China: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health 2021;18(16):8825. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Brandt 2020 {published data only}
    1. Brandt CJ, Christensen JR, Lauridsen JT, Nielsen JB, Søndergaard J, Sortsø C. Evaluation of the clinical and economic effects of a primary care anchored, collaborative, electronic health lifestyle coaching program in Denmark: protocol for a two-year randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2020;9(6):e19172. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hesseldal L, Christensen JR, Olesen TB, Olsen MH, Jakobsen PR, Laursen DH, et al. Long-term weight loss in a primary care-anchored eHealth lifestyle coaching program: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2022;24(9):e39741. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Imeraj A, Olesen TB, Laursen DH, Søndergaard J, Brandt CJ. Agreement between clinically measured weight and self-reported weight among patients with type 2 diabetes through an mHealth lifestyle coaching program in Denmark: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Form Res 2022;6(9):e40739. [36047606] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT03788915. Weight loss and reversing T2D through eHealth coaching. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03788915 (first received 28 December 2018).
ISRCTN46063864 2020 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN46063864. Personalised nutritional advice to aid weight loss. trialsearch.who.int/?TrialID=ISRCTN46063864 (first received 10 October 2020).
JPRN‐UMIN000015860 2014 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000015860. Validation of efficiency of the preventive program in individuals with pre-diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. trialsearch.who.int/?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000015860 (first received 8 December 2014).
Lappalainen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Jarvela-Reijonen E, Karhunen L, Sairanen E, Muotka J, Lindroos S, Laitinen J, et al. The effects of acceptance and commitment therapy on eating behavior and diet delivered through face-to-face contact and a mobile app: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition & Physical Activity 2018;15(1):22. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Maizey 2018 {published data only}
    1. Adams RC, Maizey L, Lawrence NS, Verbruggen F, Chambers CD. Cognitive control training to reduce overeating and promote weight loss: a large online randomised controlled trial. Appetite 2018;123:467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.11.075] - DOI
    1. Maizey L, Adams RC, Lawrence NS, Verbruggen F, Chambers CD. Cognitive control training as a weight loss tool: an online randomised control trial (Conference: The 42nd Meeting of the British Feeding and Drinking Group, France). Appetite 2018;130:310. [CENTRAL: CN-01670130]
Nezami 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT03973424. Mobile Methods for Reducing Obesity Risk in Parents and Children. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03973424 (first received 4 June 2019).
    1. Nezami B, Power J, Hurley L, Tate D. A randomized controlled trial of two diet monitoring approaches in a mobile weight loss intervention. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2020;28:43. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Nezami BT, Hurley L, Power J, Valle CG, Tate DF. A pilot randomized trial of simplified versus standard calorie dietary self-monitoring in a mobile weight loss intervention. Obesity 2022;30(3):628-38. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Nezami BT, Wasser HM, Tate DF. Parent and child dietary changes in a 6-month mobile-delivered weight loss intervention with tailored messaging for parents [Parent and child dietary changes in a 6-month mobile-delivered weight loss intervention with tailored messaging for parents]. Frontiers in Public Health 2022;10:972109. [DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.972109] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Presnell 2015 {published data only}
    1. Presnell A, Bourg C, Young H, Sattler E, Moore J, Grubbs K. Impact of an interdisciplinary fitness, nutrition, and weight-loss coaching program: a pilot study (255). Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 2015;55(2):e206. [CENTRAL: CN-01108015]

References to ongoing studies

ChiCTR1900026476 2019 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1900026476. Effect of lifestyle intervention on metabolism of obese patients based on smart phone software. trialsearch.who.int/?TrialID=ChiCTR1900026476 (first received 11 October 2019).
Forman 2023 {published data only}
    1. Forman EM, Butryn ML, Chwyl C, Crane MM, Dart H, Hagerman CJ, et al. Gamification and neurotraining to engage men in behavioral weight loss: protocol for a factorial randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2023;124:107010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.107010] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT05408494. Engaging men in weight loss with a game-based mHealth and neurotraining program. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05408494 (first received 25 May 2022).
Gemesi 2022 {published data only}
    1. Bretschneider MP, Schwarz PEH. Digitale Gesundheitsanwendungen – digitale Adipositastherapie (Fortsetzung): DiGA Oviva Direkt für Adipositas. Diabetes aktuell 2023;21(03):110-1.
    1. DRKS00025291. Weight management with a digital lifestyle intervention in persons with obesity. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=DRKS00025291 (first received 11 March 2022).
    1. Gemesi K, Hauner H, Holzapfel C. Gewichtsmanagement durch eine digitale Lebensstilintervention bei Personen mit Adipositas – Die „Digitale Lebensstilinterventionsstudie“ (#77). Adipositas - Ursachen, Folgeerkrankungen, Therapie 2022;16(03):V-08-02. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755671] - DOI
IRCT20120913010826N32 2021 {unpublished data only}
    1. IRCT20120913010826N32. Effect of nutrition education through mobile application on nutritional behaviors and anthropometric parameters in overweight and obese adolescents. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20120913010826N32 (first received 23 March 2021).
ISRCTN17811210 2023 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN17811210. Rethinking approaches to excess weight in adolescents (RENEWAL). trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN17811210 (first received 28 February 2023).
KCT0004226 2019 {published data only}
    1. KCT0004226. Study on the effect of mobile application dietary management on the metabolic profile. trialsearch.who.int/?TrialID=KCT0004226 (first received 21 August 2019).
Mansour‐Assi 2022 {published data only}
    1. Mansour-Assi SJ, Golaszewski NM, Costello VL, Wing D, Persinger H, Coleman A, et al. Social Mobile Approaches to Reducing Weight (SMART) 2.0: protocol of a randomized controlled trial among young adults in university settings. Trials 2022;23(1):7. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT03907462. SMART 2.0: social mobile approaches to reducing weight in young adults (SMART 2). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03907462 (first received 9 April 2019).
NCT02444689 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT02444689. EMPower: electronic media powering positive health changes in youth. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02444689 (first received 14 May 2015).
NCT02518217 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT02518217. ShapeUp Empower study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02518217 (first received 7 August 2015).
NCT02812264 2016 {published data only}
    1. NCT02812264. Using an API to commercialize an evidence-based weight loss intervention. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02812264 (first received 25 June 2016).
NCT04558801 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT04558801. Effects of mobile application-based lifestyle counselling on body weight loss in obese subjects. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04558801 (first received 22 September 2020).
NCT04586647 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT04586647. Attitudes toward food during a weight loss intervention. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04586647 (first received 14 October 2020).
NCT04645108 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT04645108. Coached or non-coached weight loss intervention. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04645108 (first received 27 November 2020).
NCT04759716 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT04759716. Health literacy-based weight control intervention. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04759716 (first received 18 February 2021).
NCT04922216 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT04922216. Adaptive goals and interventions for lifestyle enhancement (AGILE). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04922216 (first received 10 June 2021).
NCT05059938 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT05059938. MyFitnessPal pilot study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05059938 (first received 28 September 2021).
NCT05176847 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT05176847. The mobile intervention for food and exercise study (mLIFE). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05176847 (first received 4 January 2022).
NCT05236881 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT05236881. Development of an mHealth tool (ANíMATE) to assess self-management, self-care and adherence in people with obesity. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05236881 (first received 11 February 2022).
NCT05247918 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT05247918. OBesity DIgital-PHYsical care study (OBDIPHY). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05247918 (first received 21 February 2022).
NCT05302830 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT05302830. Effectiveness of the Snackability smartphone application to improve quality of the snack intake, general diet quality, and weight among college students. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05302830 (first received 12 March 2022).
NCT05394779 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT05394779. DEMETRA - ADVICE-002-2022. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05394779 (first received 5 May 2022).
NCT05648344 2023 {published data only}
    1. NCT05648344. WW improving nutrition study: a randomized controlled trial (WINS). clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05648344 (first received 5 December 2022).
NCT05726942 2023 {published data only}
    1. NCT05726942. Efficacy of mHealth applications in weight management in a population affected by overweight or obesity. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05726942 (first received 3 February 2023).
NCT05787652 2023 {published data only}
    1. NCT05787652. Adults regulating their weight everyday with mobile internet support (ARTERMIS). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05787652 (first received 28 February 2023).
NCT05796141 2023 {published data only}
    1. NCT05796141. Becoming united in lifestyle decisions (BUILD). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05796141 (first received 22 February 2023).
NCT05832203 2023 {published data only}
    1. NCT05832203. Evaluation of Planetary Health Diet recommendation using mobile application in adults. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05832203 (first received 13 March 2023).
NCT05931146 2023 {published data only}
    1. NCT05931146. Effectiveness of smartphone application for weight loss. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05931146 (first received 26 June 2023).
Pape 2022 {published data only}
    1. DRKS00016623. Gender-sensitive enhancement of common weight loss strategies for overweight and obesity: a personalized smartphone app. trialsearch.who.int/?TrialID=DRKS00016623 (first received 3 May 2019).
    1. NCT04080193. Gender-sensitive enhancement of common weight loss strategies for overweight and obesity (I-GENDO). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04080193 (first received 6 September 2019).
    1. Pape M, Färber T, Seiferth C, Roth T, Schroeder S, Wolstein J, et al. A tailored gender-sensitive mHealth weight loss intervention (I-GENDO): development and process evaluation. JMIR Formative Research 2022;6(10):e38480. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Podina 2017 {published data only}ISRCTN70907354
    1. ISRCTN70907354. A mobile-based serious game for young adults with disordered eating. trialsearch.who.int/?TrialID=ISRCTN70907354 (first received 2 February 2017).
    1. Podina IR, Fodor LA, Cosmoiu A, Boian R. An evidence-based gamified mHealth intervention for overweight young adults with maladaptive eating habits: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017;18(1):592. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
RBR‐2kt4fj 2019 {published data only}
    1. RBR-2kt4fj. The use of health applications and its relationship with the eating practices of adults and elderly individuals from Passo Fundo (RS). trialsearch.who.int/?TrialID=RBR-2kt4fj (first received 15 October 2019).
Santos‐Báez 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT04465721. TREAT for metabolic health. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04465721 (first received 10 July 2020).
    1. Santos-Báez LS, Garbarini A, Shaw D, Cheng B, Popp CJ, Manoogian ENC, et al. Time-restricted eating to improve cardiometabolic health: the New York Time-Restricted EATing randomized clinical trial - protocol overview. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2022;120:106872. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Stephens 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT04412954. Improving cardiovascular risk factors in black young adults. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04412954 (first received 18 May 2020).
    1. Stephens J, Randolph J, Burke L, Miller C, Tan A, Buffington B, et al. A randomized controlled trial for reduction of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in young adults: methods of the Aspire study. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2022;121:106873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106873] - DOI - PubMed
Sysko 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT04797169. Noom health for weight management. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04797169 (first received 15 March 2021).
    1. Sysko R, Bibeau J, Boyar A, Costello K, Michaelides A, Mitchell ES, et a. A 2.5-year weight management program using noom health: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2022;11(8):e37541. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
TCTR20211115004 2021 {published data only}
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