Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2024 Apr;21(3):e00337.
doi: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00337. Epub 2024 Feb 19.

The evolution of neuromodulation for chronic stroke: From neuroplasticity mechanisms to brain-computer interfaces

Brian F Saway  1 , Charles Palmer  2 , Christopher Hughes  3 , Matthew Triano  4 , Rishishankar E Suresh  5 , Jordon Gilmore  6 , Mark George  7 , Steven A Kautz  8 , Nathan C Rowland  9
Affiliations
Review

The evolution of neuromodulation for chronic stroke: From neuroplasticity mechanisms to brain-computer interfaces

Brian F Saway et al. Neurotherapeutics. 2024 Apr.

Abstract

Stroke is one of the most common and debilitating neurological conditions worldwide. Those who survive experience motor, sensory, speech, vision, and/or cognitive deficits that severely limit remaining quality of life. While rehabilitation programs can help improve patients' symptoms, recovery is often limited, and patients frequently continue to experience impairments in functional status. In this review, invasive neuromodulation techniques to augment the effects of conventional rehabilitation methods are described, including vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), deep brain stimulation (DBS) and brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). In addition, the evidence base for each of these techniques, pivotal trials, and future directions are explored. Finally, emerging technologies such as functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and the shift to artificial intelligence-enabled implants and wearables are examined. While the field of implantable devices for chronic stroke recovery is still in a nascent stage, the data reviewed are suggestive of immense potential for reducing the impact and impairment from this globally prevalent disorder.

Keywords: Brain-computer interface; Chronic stroke; Deep brain stimulation; Motor recovery; Vagus nerve stimulation.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

References

    1. Winstein C.J., Stein J., Arena R., Bates B., Cherney L.R., Cramer S.C., et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery. Stroke. 2016;47(6):e98–e169. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000098. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Campbell B.C.V., De Silva D.A., Macleod M.R., Coutts S.B., Schwamm L.H., Davis S.M., et al. Ischaemic stroke. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2019;5(1):1–22. doi: 10.1038/s41572-019-0118-8. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Katan M., Luft A. Global burden of stroke. Semin Neurol. 2018;38(2):208–211. doi: 10.1055/S-0038-1649503. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Rochmah T.N., Rahmawati I.T., Dahlui M., Budiarto W., Bilqis N. Economic burden of stroke disease: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Publ Health. 2021;18(14) doi: 10.3390/IJERPH18147552/S1. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Coleman E.R., Moudgal R., Lang K., Hyacinth H.I., Awosika O.O., Kissela B.M., et al. Early rehabilitation after stroke: a narrative review. Curr Atherosclerosis Rep. 2017;19(12):1–12. doi: 10.1007/S11883-017-0686-6/METRICS. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms