Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program in Sri Lanka: Ongoing costs and operational context of a routinized program

Abstract

Existing evidence on the cost of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs has focused on pilot and demonstration projects or initial introductions, which resulted in a perceived high cost. We aimed to study the ongoing cost and operational context of an established HPV vaccination program in Sri Lanka. We conducted a retrospective operational research and microcosting study focusing on 2019. We collected data from 30 divisional health units, 10 districts, and the central level. We then evaluated financial and economic costs, reported by level of the health system, program activity, cost types, and per dose delivered. In 2019, Sri Lanka delivered a total of 314,815 doses of HPV vaccine. In our study sample, 95 % of the HPV vaccination sessions took place at schools, with peaks of delivery in February-March and September-October. The weighted mean financial cost per dose delivered was $0.27 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: $0.15-$0.39) and the economic cost per dose was $3.88 (95 % CI: $2.67-$5.10), excluding the cost of vaccines and supplies. Most of the cost was borne by the divisional health unit level. Service delivery and social mobilization were major contributors to overall costs at the divisional health unit level, and vaccine collection or distribution and storage were the most costly activities at the district and central levels. Cost drivers included the opportunity cost of health worker and non-health worker time at the divisional health unit level and capital costs for vehicles and equipment, along with fuel, maintenance, and energy, at the district and central levels. This study provides new evidence on the cost and cost drivers of a routinized HPV vaccination program. Results can be used for financial planning purposes in Sri Lanka and may inform other countries as they consider use of HPV vaccines.

Keywords: Costing; HPV vaccine; Immunization delivery cost; Sri Lanka.

Fig. 1

Total HPV vaccination sessions per size and location in 2019. Abbreviation: HPV, human papillomavirus.

Fig. 2

HPV vaccination sessions by month and location. Abbreviation: HPV, human papillomavirus.

Fig. 3

Financial and economic cost types at the divisional health unit level. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval.

Fig. 4

Financial and economic cost types at the district level. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval.

Fig. 5

Financial and economic cost types at the national level.

Fig. 6

Mean financial and economic costs per dose aggregated across all levels of the health system.