The MMACHC variant c.158T>C: Mild clinical and biochemical phenotypes and marked hydroxocobalamin response in cblC patients

Abstract

Mutations in MMACHC cause cobalamin C disease (cblC, OMIM 277400), the commonest inborn error of vitamin B₁₂ metabolism. In cblC, deficient activation of cobalamin results in methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin deficiency, elevating methylmalonic acid (MMA) and total plasma homocysteine (tHcy). We retrospectively reviewed the medical files of seven cblC patients: three compound heterozygotes for the MMACHC (NM_015506.3) missense variant c.158T>C p.(Leu53Pro) in trans with the common pathogenic mutation c.271dupA (p.(Arg91Lysfs*14), "compounds"), and four c.271dupA homozygotes ("homozygotes"). Compounds receiving hydroxocobalamin intramuscular injection monotherapy had age-appropriate psychomotor performance and normal ophthalmological examinations. In contrast, c.271dupA homozygotes showed marked psychomotor retardation, retinopathy and feeding problems despite penta-therapy (hydroxocobalamin, betaine, folinic acid, l-carnitine and acetylsalicylic acid). Pretreatment levels of plasma and urine MMA and tHcy were higher in c.271dupA homozygotes than in compounds. Under treatment, levels of the compounds approached or entered the reference range but not those of c.271dupA homozygotes (tHcy: compounds 9.8-32.9 μM, homozygotes 41.6-106.8 (normal (N) < 14); plasma MMA: compounds 0.14-0.81 μM, homozygotes, 10.4-61 (N < 0.4); urine MMA: compounds 1.75-48 mmol/mol creatinine, homozygotes 143-493 (N < 10)). Patient skin fibroblasts all had low cobalamin uptake, but this was milder in compound cells. Also, the distribution pattern of cobalamin species was qualitatively different between cells from compounds and from homozygotes. Compared to the classic cblC phenotype presented by c.271dupA homozygous patients, c.[158T>C];[271dupA] compounds had mild clinical and biochemical phenotypes and responded strikingly to hydroxocobalamin monotherapy.

Keywords: Genotype-phenotype correlation; Hypomorphic variant; Inborn error of metabolism; Methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type cblC; Vitamin B12; cblC.