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. 2024 May;18(2):624-631.
doi: 10.1055/s-0043-1768466. Epub 2024 Feb 22.

Marine Ascomycetes Extract Antifungal Susceptibility against Candida spp. Isolates from Oral Candidiasis HIV/AIDS Patient: An In Vitro Study

Alexander Patera Nugraha  1   2 , Mada Triandala Sibero  3 , Kindi Farabi  4 , Meircurius Dwi Condro Surboyo  5 , Diah Savitri Ernawati  5 , Tengku Natasha Eleena Binti Tengku Ahmad Noor  6
Affiliations

Marine Ascomycetes Extract Antifungal Susceptibility against Candida spp. Isolates from Oral Candidiasis HIV/AIDS Patient: An In Vitro Study

Alexander Patera Nugraha et al. Eur J Dent. 2024 May.

Abstract

Objective: The etiology of oral candidiasis (OC) was Candida albicans, C. krusei, C. dubliniensis, C. tropicalis that are frequently found in human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients. Marine ascomycetes (MA) have been widely reported as an important producer of various antibiotic compounds. However, there is limited study of antifungal compounds from MA against Candida species. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal susceptibility of MA against Candida spp. isolates from OC HIV/AIDS patient.

Materials and methods: Trichoderma sp. is a sponge-associated fungus collected from Karimunjawa National Park, Central Java, Indonesia. The validation of C. albicans, C. krusei, C. dubliniensis, C. tropicalis. was done by ChromAgar. This study was true experimental with post-test only control group design; the sample was four replications for each group. Nystatin administration (K +), the golden standard antifungal drug, was used. The minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and diffusion zone methods were done. Analysis of variance difference test, and post-hoc Tukey's honest significant different were done to analyze the significant different between groups (p ≤ 0.05).

Results: The MFC and MIC of MA against C. albicans, C. krusei, C. dubliniensis, and C. tropicalis were found at 12.5%. In addition, the greatest diffusion zone of MA against C. albicans, C. krusei, C. dubliniensis, and C. tropicalis was found at 12.5%. There is no appreciable difference in antifungal activity between K + and 12.5% of MA extract (p ≥ 0.05).

Conclusion: Concentration of 12.5% MA extract has antifungal susceptibility against Candida spp. isolates from OC HIV/AIDS patient.

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Conflict of interest statement

None declared.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
ChromAgar was used to characterize and identify the species of Candida spp. Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient isolates revealed that there are four candida species such as C. albicans (light green color); C. dubliniensis (green to yellow color); C. krusei (pink to cream color) and C. tropicalis (dark green color).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Candida albicans is the target of MA extract's antifungal action. ( A ) The MA extract's significant antifungal activity was seen in C. albicans' MIC values of 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100% following administration. ( B ) Following ingestion of MA extract, the MFC of C. albicans showed 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100% strong antifungal activity. After administration of MA extract, the inhibitory zone employing disk diffusion analysis on C. albicans revealed no appreciable difference in antifungal activity between K+ and 12.5% of MA extract. MA, marine actinomycetes ; MFC, minimum fungal concentration; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Candida tropicalis is the target of MA extract's antifungal action. ( A ) The MA extract's significant antifungal activity was seen in C. tropicalis' MIC values of 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100% following administration. ( B ) Following ingestion of MA extract, the MFC of C. tropicalis showed 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100% strong antifungal activity. After administration of MA extract, the inhibitory zone employing disk diffusion analysis on C. tropicalis revealed no appreciable difference in antifungal activity between K+ and 12.5% of MA extract. MA, marine actinomycetes ; MFC, minimum fungal concentration; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Candida krusei is the target of MA extract's antifungal action. ( A ) The MA extract's significant antifungal activity was seen in C. krusei's MIC values of 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100% following administration. ( B ) Following ingestion of MA extract, the MFC of C. krusei showed 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100% strong antifungal activity. After administration of MA extract, the inhibitory zone employing disk diffusion analysis on C. krusei revealed no appreciable difference in antifungal activity between K+ and 12.5% of MA extract. MA, marine actinomycetes ; MFC, minimum fungal concentration; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Candida dubliniensis is the target of MA extract's antifungal action. ( A ) The MA extract's significant antifungal activity was seen in C. dubliniensis' MIC values of 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100% following administration. ( B ) Following ingestion of MA extract, the MFC of C. dubliniensis showed 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100% strong antifungal activity. After administration of MA extract, the inhibitory zone employing disk diffusion analysis on C. dubliniensis revealed no appreciable difference in antifungal activity between K+ and 12.5% of MA extract. MA, marine actinomycetes ; MFC, minimum fungal concentration; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration.
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