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. 2024 Feb 13;12(2):428.
doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12020428.

The Impact of Cytokines on Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescents with Allergic Rhinitis

Ljiljana Krsmanović  1   2 , Nenad Arsović  2   3   4 , Dejan Bokonjić  1   2 , Vladimir Nešić  3   4 , Zoran Dudvarski  2   3   4 , Dragana Pavlović  1   2 , Milena Dubravac Tanasković  2 , Siniša Ristić  2 , Nikolina Elez-Burnjaković  2 , Radmila Balaban  2 , Branislava Ćurčić  1   2 , Radenko Ivanović  1   2 , Nikolina Vuković  1 , Maja Vuković  2 , Marija Milić  5 , Bojan Joksimović  2
Affiliations

The Impact of Cytokines on Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescents with Allergic Rhinitis

Ljiljana Krsmanović et al. Biomedicines. .

Abstract

Background: Frequent episodes of nasal symptoms are the usual clinical manifestations (CM) of allergic rhinitis (AR) and have a significant negative impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adolescents. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to test the hypothesis that cytokines in nasal mucus may be associated with HRQoL in adolescents with AR.

Methods: European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions 3 Level Version (EQ-5D-3L), "The Adolescent Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire" (AdolRQLQ) and the Total 4 Symptom Score (T4SS) scoring system were administered to 113 adolescents with AR, nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) and to healthy control subjects. Nasal secretions were sampled and tested for 13 cytokines using a multiplex flow cytometric bead assay.

Results: The AR group had significantly lower EQ-5D-3L (0.661 ± 0.267 vs. 0.943 ± 0.088; p < 0.001) and higher AdolRQLQ total scores (2.76 ± 1.01 vs. 1.02 ± 0.10; p < 0.001) compared to the control group. The AR group had higher concentrations of IL-1β (p = 0.002), IL-6 (p = 0.031), IL-8 (p < 0.001), IL17-A (p = 0.013) and IL-18 (p = 0.014) compared to the control group, and IL-1β, IL-6, IL17-A and IL-18 were significantly (p < 0.050) increased with disease progression. Cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, as well as severe CM, were identified as significant predictors of lower HRQoL in adolescents with AR.

Conclusions: This study identified IL-1β, IL-6, as well as severe CM, as predictors of lower HRQoL in adolescents with AR. However, these results should only serve as a starting point for additional confirmation research.

Keywords: adolescents; allergic rhinitis; cytokines; health-related quality of life.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Mean values of the total index score of the EQ-5D-3L questionnaire (A), EQ-VAS score (B) and total AdolRQLQ score (C) between groups of respondents. AR—allergic rhinitis, NAR—nonallergic rhinitis, EQ-5D-3L—European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions 3 Level Version, AdolRQLQ—the Adolescent Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire, Mean ± SD (standard deviation), Kruskal–Wallis test, with pairwise post hoc testing between groups, * p < 0.050; *** p < 0.001.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mean values of IL-1β, IFN-α2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1 (CCL2), IL-6, IL-8 (CXCL8), IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, IL-18, IL-23 and IL-33 in nasal mucosa of subjects of different groups. AR—allergic rhinitis, NAR—nonallergic rhinitis, IFN–interferon, TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor alpha, MCP-1—Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1, Mean ± SD (standard deviation), Kruskal–Wallis test, with pairwise post hoc testing between groups, * p < 0.050, ** p < 0.010, *** p < 0.001.
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