The Anti-Inflammatory and Curative Exponent of Probiotics: A Comprehensive and Authentic Ingredient for the Sustained Functioning of Major Human Organs

Abstract

Several billion microorganisms reside in the gastrointestinal lumen, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and yeast. Among them, probiotics were primarily used to cure digestive disorders such as intestinal infections and diarrhea; however, with a paradigm shift towards alleviating health through food, their importance is large. Moreover, recent studies have changed the perspective that probiotics prevent numerous ailments in the major organs. Probiotics primarily produce biologically active compounds targeting discommodious pathogens. This review demonstrates the implications of using probiotics from different genres to prevent and alleviate ailments in the primary human organs. The findings reveal that probiotics immediately activate anti-inflammatory mechanisms by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-11, and IL-13, and hindering pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α by involving regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper cells (Th cells). Several strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus reuteri, Bifidobacterium longum, and Bifidobacterium breve have been listed among the probiotics that are excellent in alleviating various simple to complex ailments. Therefore, the importance of probiotics necessitates robust research to unveil the implications of probiotics, including the potency of strains, the optimal dosages, the combination of probiotics, their habitat in the host, the host response, and other pertinent factors.

Keywords: Bifidobacterium; Lactobacillus; gut microflora; inflammation; lactic acid bacteria; probiotics.

Figure 1

Production pathway of the SCFAs in the human gut.

Figure 2

The significant health effects probiotics have on the major organs of human body. The arrows represent the flow of beneficial compounds from probiotics.

Figure 3

The functioning of probiotics in the oral cavity for normal functioning and anti-inflammatory activity.

Figure 4

The palliative effects of probiotics on intestinal integrity and the working of the anti-inflammatory mechanism in the gastrointestinal tract.

Figure 5

Anti-inflammatory activity of probiotics during inflammatory bowel syndrome and reverting the intestine to normal functioning.

Figure 6

The preventive mechanism of probiotics, which hinders NAFLD prevalence.