Advances in Poultry Vaccines: Leveraging Biotechnology for Improving Vaccine Development, Stability, and Delivery

Abstract

With the rapidly increasing demand for poultry products and the current challenges facing the poultry industry, the application of biotechnology to enhance poultry production has gained growing significance. Biotechnology encompasses all forms of technology that can be harnessed to improve poultry health and production efficiency. Notably, biotechnology-based approaches have fueled rapid advances in biological research, including (a) genetic manipulation in poultry breeding to improve the growth and egg production traits and disease resistance, (b) rapid identification of infectious agents using DNA-based approaches, (c) inclusion of natural and synthetic feed additives to poultry diets to enhance their nutritional value and maximize feed utilization by birds, and (d) production of biological products such as vaccines and various types of immunostimulants to increase the defensive activity of the immune system against pathogenic infection. Indeed, managing both existing and newly emerging infectious diseases presents a challenge for poultry production. However, recent strides in vaccine technology are demonstrating significant promise for disease prevention and control. This review focuses on the evolving applications of biotechnology aimed at enhancing vaccine immunogenicity, efficacy, stability, and delivery.

Keywords: DNA; adjuvant; attenuated; biotechnology; chicken; delivery; in ovo; inactivated; mRNA; nanoparticles; poultry; recombinant; stability; subunit; vaccine.

Figure 1

First-generation vaccines.

Figure 2

Second-generation vaccines.

Figure 3

Mechanisms of action of mRNA vaccines.

Figure 4

Third-generation vaccines.

Figure 5

Different categories of adjuvants.

Figure 6

Vaccine stabilization methods.

Figure 7

Vaccine administration routes.

Figure 8

Sites for in ovo administration of vaccines.