Review of Approaches to the Management of Vertical Dental Root Fractures and Tooth Preservation

Abstract

A vertical root fracture (VRF) is a complex condition in which the fracture lines can be partial or complete and extend along the long axis of the tooth. Considering the nature of the damage and the low likelihood of a successful outcome, such fractures can be difficult to manage. Their management typically involves complex endodontic or surgical procedures, which can be technically challenging for general dentists. Recent advancements introduce promising techniques, such as intentional replantation, adhesive methodologies, and regenerative procedures, showcasing potential in salvaging teeth affected by VRFs. Nonetheless, the imprecise nature of symptoms necessitates meticulous case evaluation by clinicians. Comprehensive patient counseling regarding diverse treatment options and potential ramifications remains crucial to preserving the affected tooth. Preserving a vertically fractured tooth aids in improving both function and aesthetics while safeguarding the arch's integrity by maintaining the height of the alveolar bone. It is important to note that the success of the treatment procedures depends on the extent and location of the fracture, the condition of the tooth and fragment, and the skill of the dental professional performing the treatment. This review highlights the complexity of VRF management, emphasizing the necessity for precise evaluation, patient education, and the exploration of innovative techniques. It aims to review the treatment of VRFs, ranging from classical to contemporary methods, with a focus on tooth preservation. The establishment of standardized protocols and conduct of further research to ascertain long-term efficacy are imperative in optimizing outcomes and retaining natural dentition in cases of VRFs.

Figure 1

Chart illustrating the challenges encountered during vertical root fracture treatment.

Figure 2

Cross sectional section of cracked root after stereomicroscopic observation.