Surveillance of Culex spp. vectors and zoonotic arboviruses at a zoo in the United Kingdom

Abstract

The emergence of several zoonotic mosquito-borne pathogens in Europe, including West Nile virus, Sindbis virus and Usutu virus, has emphasised the importance of consistent surveillance. Considerable fieldwork effort is usually needed to detect low-prevalence pathogens in mosquitoes and screening vertebrate hosts and reservoirs is rarely done simultaneously with mosquito sampling. Zoological gardens offer an opportunity for the surveillance of pathogens, mosquitoes, hosts, and reservoirs concurrently; thus, the aim of this study was undertaking integrated surveillance for mosquito-borne pathogens of wild birds and mosquitoes in Chester Zoo (Cheshire) in the United Kingdom. Mosquitoes were collected in September 2020 and tested for zoonotic bird-hosted arboviruses (i.e., West Nile virus, Usutu virus and Sindbis virus) using RT-qPCRs. Of the 3316 mosquitoes trapped, 98% were identified as Culex spp. The average minimum prevalence of the viruses found in the literature was used to calculate the sample size needed for detecting these viruses with 99% confidence. The testing of 2878 Culex females found no evidence of presence of the three viruses. Significant differences were found in mosquito abundance per sampling site and collection date; furthermore, important sources of immature and resting mosquitoes were found near aviaries. Eighteen wild birds belonging to 11 species were found dead in the zoo from May to December 2020 and were RT-qPCR tested for West Nile virus and Usutu virus; all samples resulted negative for viral infection. It is unlikely that these viruses were present in the zoo during the sampling period; however, since they circulate in Europe and Usutu virus has been isolated in the United Kingdom and may overwinter here, continued monitoring of mosquitoes and wild birds is recommended as virus introduction and dissemination are possible. This study highlights the importance of regular and integrated arboviral surveillance of zoonotic pathogens in zoos providing baseline information to that end.

Keywords: Alphavirus; Avian disease; Culicidae; Flavivirus; UK; Xenomonitoring; Zoonotic disease.

Fig. 1

Sampling sites in Chester Zoo (Cheshire, UK). The sampling focused around two aviaries: Penguins and the Parrot breeding centre. M: BG-Mosquitaire traps; G: CDC-Gravid traps; Aspiration areas: A: area behind the Penguin's kitchen; B: equipment's shed of the botanical team; C: accessible areas inside the Parrot breeding centre.

Fig. 2

Mean number of mosquitoes captured by trap during 2020 in Chester Zoo. M: BG-Mosquitaire traps; G: CDC-Gravid traps; Error bars: standard error of the mean; Asterisks: significant differences by trap type.

Fig. 3

Mean number of mosquitoes captured with traps by sampling day during 2020 in Chester Zoo. CDC-Gravid traps were not operated in all dates. Error bars: standard error of the mean; Asterisks: significant differences by trap type.