Behavior Change Among HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex with Men Not Using PrEP in the United States

Abstract

This study measures changes in condomless anal sex (CAS) among HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) who are not taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). It considers the 2014-2019 cycles of the American Men's Internet Survey, a serial, cross-sectional web-based survey of US cisgender MSM aged ≥ 15 years, in which ~ 10% of each year's sample is drawn from the previous year. Among those surveyed for 2 years who remained HIV-negative and off PrEP, reports of having any CAS and of CAS partner number were compared across years. We disaggregated by partner HIV status, and considered demographic predictors. The overall population saw a significant 2.2 percentage-point (pp) increase in reports of any CAS year-over-year. Sub-populations with the largest year-on-year increases were 15-24-year-olds (5.0-pp) and Hispanic respondents (5.1-pp), with interaction (young Hispanic respondents = 12.8-pp). On the relative scale, these numbers correspond to 3.2%, 7.2%, 7.3% and 18.7%, respectively. Absolute increases were concentrated among partners reported as HIV-negative. Multivariable analyses for CAS initiation found effects concentrated among Hispanic and White youth and residents of fringe counties of large metropolitan areas. CAS partner number increases were similarly predicted by Hispanic identity and young age. Although condom use remains more common than PrEP use, increasing CAS among MSM not on PrEP suggests potential new HIV transmission pathways. Concentration of increases among 18-24-year-old MSM portends future increases in the proportion of newly diagnosed HIV that occur among youth. Concentration among young Hispanic MSM will likely expand existing disparities. Although reducing barriers to PrEP remains vital, condom promotion for MSM remains a key public health practice and appears to be missing key audiences. LGBTQ+-inclusive sex education is one avenue for enhancing these efforts.

Keywords: Condoms; HIV-1; Men who have sex with men; Pre-exposure prophylaxis; United States.

Fig. 1

HIV serostatus and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use by year, American Men’s Internet Survey, 2014–2019. Note Studies focusing on measuring and understanding PrEP uptake, including others using AMIS data, often report proportions of PrEP users out of those with behavioral indications for it [36]. Here we are reporting the overall prevalence of PrEP use within regard to indication given our interest in identifying HNM-NP and assessing behavioral change among them. Any comparisons of PrEP use levels to other reports should be mindful of this distinction

Fig. 2

Percent reporting condomless anal sex in the last 12 months among HIV-negative respondents who have not used pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the last 12 months, American Men’s Internet Survey, 2014–2019