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. 2024 Feb 14:14:1304633.
doi: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1304633. eCollection 2024.

Evidence of spatial clustering of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases in Greater Mexico City: report from the Mexican Inter-Institutional Group for the identification of the causes of childhood leukemia

David Aldebarán Duarte-Rodríguez  1 , Janet Flores-Lujano  2 , Richard J Q McNally  3 , María Luisa Pérez-Saldivar  2 , Elva Jiménez-Hernández  4 , Jorge Alfonso Martín-Trejo  5 , Laura Eugenia Espinoza-Hernández  5 , Aurora Medina-Sanson  6 , Rogelio Paredes-Aguilera  7 , Laura Elizabeth Merino-Pasaye  8 , Martha Margarita Velázquez-Aviña  9 , José Refugio Torres-Nava  4 , Rosa Martha Espinosa-Elizondo  10 , Raquel Amador-Sánchez  11 , Juan José Dosta-Herrera  12 , Javier Anastacio Mondragón-García  13 , Juana Esther González-Ulibarri  14 , Sofía Irene Martínez-Silva  15 , Gilberto Espinoza-Anrubio  16 , María Minerva Paz-Bribiesca  17 , Perla Salcedo-Lozada  18 , Rodolfo Ángel Landa-García  19 , Rosario Ramírez-Colorado  20 , Luis Hernández-Mora  21 , Marlene Santamaría-Ascencio  22 , Anselmo López-Loyola  23 , Arturo Hermilo Godoy-Esquivel  24 , Luis Ramiro García-López  25 , Alison Ireri Anguiano-Ávalos  26 , Karina Mora-Rico  27 , Alejandro Castañeda-Echevarría  28 , Roberto Rodríguez-Jiménez  29 , José Alberto Cibrian-Cruz  30 , Karina Anastacia Solís-Labastida  5 , Rocío Cárdenas-Cardos  31 , Norma López-Santiago  7 , Luz Victoria Flores-Villegas  8 , José Gabriel Peñaloza-González  9 , Ana Itamar González-Ávila  11 , Martin Sánchez-Ruiz  18 , Roberto Rivera-Luna  31 , Luis Rodolfo Rodríguez-Villalobos  25 , Francisco Hernández-Pérez  26 , Jaime Ángel Olvera-Durán  27 , Luis Rey García-Cortés  32 , Minerva Mata-Rocha  33 , Omar Alejandro Sepúlveda-Robles  33 , Vilma Carolina Bekker-Méndez  34 , Silvia Jiménez-Morales  35 , Jorge Meléndez-Zajgla  36 , Haydée Rosas-Vargas  37 , Elizabeth Vega  38 , Juan Carlos Núñez-Enríquez  2   39 , Juan Manuel Mejía-Aranguré  36   40
Affiliations

Evidence of spatial clustering of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases in Greater Mexico City: report from the Mexican Inter-Institutional Group for the identification of the causes of childhood leukemia

David Aldebarán Duarte-Rodríguez et al. Front Oncol. .

Abstract

Background: A heterogeneous geographic distribution of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases has been described, possibly, related to the presence of different environmental factors. The aim of the present study was to explore the geographical distribution of childhood ALL cases in Greater Mexico City (GMC).

Methods: A population-based case-control study was conducted. Children <18 years old, newly diagnosed with ALL and residents of GMC were included. Controls were patients without leukemia recruited from second-level public hospitals, frequency-matched by sex, age, and health institution with the cases. The residence address where the patients lived during the last year before diagnosis (cases) or the interview (controls) was used for geolocation. Kulldorff's spatial scan statistic was used to detect spatial clusters (SCs). Relative risks (RR), associated p-value and number of cases included for each cluster were obtained.

Results: A total of 1054 cases with ALL were analyzed. Of these, 408 (38.7%) were distributed across eight SCs detected. A relative risk of 1.61 (p<0.0001) was observed for the main cluster. Similar results were noted for the remaining seven ones. Additionally, a proximity between SCs, electrical installations and petrochemical facilities was observed.

Conclusions: The identification of SCs in certain regions of GMC suggest the possible role of environmental factors in the etiology of childhood ALL.

Keywords: SaTScan software to analyze spatial; child; developing countries; electromagnetic fields; environmental exposure; leukemia; spatial clustering; urban population.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer IO declared a shared affiliation with the author RE-E to the handling editor at the time of review.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Geographic stratification of Greater Mexico City.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Selection of cases included in the study.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Spatial clusters of ALL cases in Greater Mexico City.
Figure 4
Figure 4
High-voltage electric and petrochemical installations in Greater Mexico City.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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