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. 2024 Feb 17;10(4):e26636.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26636. eCollection 2024 Feb 29.

Efficient photocatalytic bactericidal performance of green-synthesised TiO2/reduced graphene oxide using banana peel extracts

Maisari Utami  1 , Tong Woei Yenn  2 , Mir Waqas Alam  3 , Balasubramani Ravindran  4   5 , Husniati  6 , Indra Purnama  7   8 , Salmahaminati  1 , Habibi Hidayat  1 , Faustine Naomi Dhetaya  1 , Siva Nur Salsabilla  1
Affiliations

Efficient photocatalytic bactericidal performance of green-synthesised TiO2/reduced graphene oxide using banana peel extracts

Maisari Utami et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

In this study, the fabrication of titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide (TiO2/rGO) utilising banana peel extracts (Musa paradisiaca L.) as a reducing agent for the photoinactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was explored. The GO synthesis was conducted using a modified Tour method, whereas the production of rGO involved banana peel extracts through a reflux method. The integration of TiO2 into rGO was achieved via a hydrothermal process. The successful synthesis of TiO2/rGO was verified through various analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), gas sorption analysis (GSA), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. The results indicated that the hydrothermal-assisted green synthesis effectively produced TiO2/rGO with a particle size of 60.5 nm. Compared with pure TiO2, TiO2/rGO demonstrated a reduced crystallite size (88.505 nm) and an enhanced surface area (22.664 m2/g). Moreover, TiO2/rGO featured a low direct bandgap energy (3.052 eV), leading to elevated electrical conductivity and superior photoconductivity. To evaluate the biological efficacy of TiO2/rGO, photoinactivation experiments targeting E. coli and S. aureus were conducted using the disc method. Sunlight irradiation emerged as the most effective catalyst, achieving optimal inactivation results within 6 and 4 h.

Keywords: E. coli bacteria; Nanocomposite; Photoinactivation; S. aureus bacteria; TiO2/rGO.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
XRD patterns of materials.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Isotherm curve (a) GO, (b) rGO, (c) TiO2 and (d) TiO2/rGO.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
FT-IR spectra of the materials.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Band gap energies of (a) TiO2 and (b) TiO2/rGO.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Surface morphologies of (a) GO, (b) rGO, (c) TiO2 and (d) TiO2/rGO.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Internal morphologies of (a) GO, (b) rGO, (c) TiO2, (d) TiO2/rGO and (e) TiO2/rGO with larger magnification.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Histogram results of (a) TiO2 and (b) TiO2/rGO.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Photocatalytic antibacterial process targeting E. coli (a) without irradiation and with varying durations of sunlight irradiation: (b) 2 h, (c) 4 h and (d) 6 h.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Photocatalytic antibacterial process targeting S. aureus (a) without irradiation and with varying durations of sunlight irradiation: (a) 2 h, (b) 4 h and (c) 6 h.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Illustration of photoinactivation mechanism of E. coli and S. aureus using TiO2/rGO.
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