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. 2024 Mar 8;33(1):e016523.
doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612024011. eCollection 2024.

Helminths of Wied's marmoset (Callithrix kuhlii (Coimbra-Filho, 1985) (Primates: Callitrichidae)) from the Atlantic Forest, Southern Bahia State, Brazil

Aléxia David Santos Soares  1   2 , Márcio Borba da Silva  1 , Ricardo Evangelista Fraga  3 , Estevam Guilherme Lux Hoppe  4 , Wilson Junior Oliveira  4 , Alexandre Schiavetti  2
Affiliations

Helminths of Wied's marmoset (Callithrix kuhlii (Coimbra-Filho, 1985) (Primates: Callitrichidae)) from the Atlantic Forest, Southern Bahia State, Brazil

Aléxia David Santos Soares et al. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. .

Abstract
in English, Portuguese

Callithrix kuhlii is present in forest mosaics, edge habitats, and abandoned fields in the Atlantic Forest. In Bahia and Minas Gerais. This study aimed to identify helminths from C. kuhlii and relate them to the clinical data, weights, and indices of the liver and gonads. Necropsies were performed on 13 adult marmosets that were run over on the BA-001 highway. A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to describe the relationships between the variables investigated. Fifty-one helminths were collected from 30.77% (4/13) of the marmosets analyzed. Helminths were classified based on their morphological and morphometric characteristics. Primasubulura jacchi (Marcel, 1857), Platynosomum illiciens (Dougherty, 1946), and Prosthenorchis confusus (Dougherty, 1946) were the species identified, with prevalence rates of 7.69%, 7.69%, and 15.38%, respectively. In addition, this is a new host record of P. confusus. The two main axes of the PCA explained a high variability (PCA=67.7%), indicating reduced weight and indices of the organs of parasitized animals. This study expands the knowledge on parasites of C. kuhlii and its vulnerability to parasites, contributing to constructing an epidemiological profile of environmental health.

Callithrix kuhlli é encontrado em mosaicos florestais, habitats de borda e campos abandonados da Mata Atlântica. Na Bahia e Minas Gerais. O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar helmintos recuperados de C. kuhlli e relacioná-los aos dados clínicos, pesos e índices provenientes do fígado e das gônadas. Foram realizadas necropsias em 13 saguis adultos atropelados na rodovia BA-001 e realizada uma análise de componentes principais (PCA), para descrever as relações entre as variáveis. Recuperou-se 51 helmintos em 30,77% (4/13) dos saguis analisados. A classificação dos helmintos ocorreu por meio das características morfológicas e morfométricas, sendo Primasubulura jacchi (Marcel, 1857), Platynosomum illiciens (Dougherty, 1946) e Prosthenorchis confusus (Dougherty, 1946) as espécies identificadas, com prevalências de 7,69%; 7,69% e 15,38% respectivamente. Ainda, P. confusus apresenta um novo registro de hospedeiro. Já os dois eixos principais da PCA explicaram alta variabilidade (PCA=67,7%), verificando nos animais parasitados uma redução do peso e índices provenientes dos órgãos. Este trabalho amplia o conhecimento sobre parasitos do C. kuhlli e o grau de vulnerabilidade aos parasitas, contribuindo para uma possível construção de perfil epidemiológico da saúde ambiental.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing personal or financial interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Organs of male C. kuhlli with indications of all parasites found in all necropsies, identification of the parasite's location, and 'n' is the total found. A. Representative of P. illiciens found in the liver. Scale = 2000μm. B. Representative of P. confusus found in the small intestine. Scale = 2000μm. C. Representative of P. jacchi found in the large intestine. Scale = 1500μm.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Specimen of Primasubulura jacchi recovered from the large intestine of Callithrix kuhlii found after roadkill on Highway BR-001, Ilhéus region, Bahia. A. Anterior end of the female, buccal capsule (oc). Scale= 100 μm. Magnification=10x. B. Posterior end of the male, gubernaculum (g), spicules (s). Scale=100μm. Magnification=10x. C. Posterior end of the female indicating the anus. Scale=100 μm. Magnification=10x. D. Posterior end of the male, with some papillae (p) highlighted. Scale= 100 μm. Magnification=10x. E. Vulvar opening (v) of the female. Scale=1500 μm. Magnification= 4x. F. Posterior end of the male, spicule (s). Scale=1500 μm. Magnification= 4x.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Specimen of P. illiciens recovered from the liver of Callithrix kuhlii individuals found dead on BR-001 highway, Ilhéus, Bahia. A. Oral sucker. B. Ventral sucker. C. Testes. D. Ovary. E. Vitellaria. F. Uterus. Scale=2000 μm. Magnification=20x.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Specimen of Prosthenorchis confusus recovered from the small intestine of Callithrix kuhlii, found dead on BR-001 highway, Ilhéus, Bahia. A. Cross-section of the proboscis with indication of the 6 hooks of the first row (arrowheads). Scale=100μm. Magnification=10x. B. Anterior extremity composed of the proboscis (pb), neck (nk), and lemnisci (arrowheads). Scale=2000μm. Magnification=20x. C. Posterior extremity of the male, ejaculatory ducts (ejd), urogenital pore (up). Scale=2000μm. Magnification=20x. D. Most posterior region of the male, cement glands (cg). Scale=2000μm. E. Posterior extremity of the female, uterus (ut), eggs (e), female gonopore (fg). Scale=2000μm. Magnification=20x. F. Posterior extremity of the male with protrusion of the copulatory bursa (arrowhead). Scale=2000μm. Magnification=20x.
Figure 5
Figure 5. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to assess relationships among variables related to rostro-cloacal length (RCL), body mass (MC), hepatosomatic indice (IH), gonadosomatic index (IG), and organs where parasites occur (liver, small intestine, large intestine). Cos2 corresponds to the quality of representation of the variables in the principal components according to the Pearson correlation coefficient (p < 0.05). The arrowheads of the different vectors indicate the presence of the highest values of the different analyzed variables, and in the mirrored vectors, they indicate the opposite with the lowest values. The animals' sex (male- ● and female-), absence of infection (Negative), and registration numbers of each animal are indicated.
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