Priming Sentence Production in Older Adults: Evidence for Preserved Implicit Learning

Abstract

Purpose: Structural priming- speakers' unconscious tendency to echo previously encountered message-structure mappings - is thought to reflect the processes of implicit language learning that occur throughout the lifespan. Recently, structural priming has also been used as a means to facilitate language re-learning in age-related language disorders such as aphasia. However, little evidence is available on whether structural priming remains effective in healthy aging, limiting clinical translation of the structural priming paradigm. This study examined the impact of aging on the strength and longevity of abstract structural priming and lexical boost effects.

Method: Twenty-four young and 24 older adults participated in a collaborative picture-matching task where the participant and experimenter took turns describing picture cards using transitive and dative sentences. In Experiment 1, a target was elicited immediately following a prime (0-lag), whereas two filler items were embedded between a prime and a target sentence in Experiment 2 (2-lag) to examine longer-term priming effects. In both experiments, the verb was repeated for half of the prime-target pairs to examine lexical boost on structural priming.

Results: At immediate priming, older adults showed both abstract structural priming and lexical boost in transitives and datives, similar to young adults. At longer-term priming, only abstract priming effects were significant in both groups of participants, with no evidence of age-related reduction in priming.

Conclusions: Both lexically-specific and independent mechanisms of structural priming remain resilient in older adults, supporting the view that structural priming reflects life-long language learning. Further, the findings provide empirical basis for applying structural priming to elderly clinical populations.

Keywords: Aging; language learning; sentence production; structural priming; syntax.

Figure 1.

An illustration of the priming task for dative targets.