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Review
. 2024 Mar 1;14(11):7440-7458.
doi: 10.1039/d3ra08738g. eCollection 2024 Feb 29.

Surface modification strategies for improved hemocompatibility of polymeric materials: a comprehensive review

Abhishek Bhattacharjee  1 , Aniruddha Vijay Savargaonkar  2 , Muhammad Tahir  3 , Alina Sionkowska  3 , Ketul C Popat  1   2   4
Affiliations
Review

Surface modification strategies for improved hemocompatibility of polymeric materials: a comprehensive review

Abhishek Bhattacharjee et al. RSC Adv. .

Abstract

Polymeric biomaterials are a widely used class of materials due to their versatile properties. However, as with all other types of materials used for biomaterials, polymers also have to interact with blood. When blood comes into contact with any foreign body, it initiates a cascade which leads to platelet activation and blood coagulation. The implant surface also has to encounter a thromboinflammatory response which makes the implant integrity vulnerable, this leads to blood coagulation on the implant and obstructs it from performing its function. Hence, the surface plays a pivotal role in the design and application of biomaterials. In particular, the surface properties of biomaterials are responsible for biocompatibility with biological systems and hemocompatibility. This review provides a report on recent advances in the field of surface modification approaches for improved hemocompatibility. We focus on the surface properties of polysaccharides, proteins, and synthetic polymers. The blood coagulation cascade has been discussed and blood - material surface interactions have also been explained. The interactions of blood proteins and cells with polymeric material surfaces have been discussed. Moreover, the benefits as well as drawbacks of blood coagulation on the implant surface for wound healing purposes have also been studied. Surface modifications implemented by other researchers to enhance as well as prevent blood coagulation have also been analyzed.

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Conflict of interest statement

There are no conflicts to declare.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Types of polysaccharides.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. Sodium alginate properties.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. Properties of pectin.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. Properties of hyaluronic acid.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. Hyaluronic acid and pectin mechanism and self-healing. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2023, Elsevier.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. Proteins and major types.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7. Polymeric blending techniques to fabricate polymers.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8. Properties of PVP.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9. Advantages of albumin.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10. Surface wettability and contact angle.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11. Hydrophobicity and protein absorption.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12. Biomedical applications and blood coagulation.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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